Collaborative Research: Luwian-Roman Interaction in Western Rough Cilicia

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下。LuAnn Wandsnider， Nicholas Rauh和一个国际合作小组将在土耳其西基利西亚地区进行考古研究。该地区位于地中海东部，既以海盗基地而闻名，也因其顽强抵抗被吞并而闻名，这些帝国试图统治这片广阔的近东地区。据报道，在公元前1世纪和2世纪，海盗聚集了1000艘战舰和3万名战士，并将他们的海军行动和掠夺扩展到整个地中海，远至意大利和西班牙。公元前67年，罗马将军庞培暂时消灭了海盗的威胁，公元71年，该地区正式并入罗马帝国。虽然文献资料证实了这一事实，但目前尚不清楚粗糙的基利西亚在多大程度上保持了一定程度的自治，也不清楚这个边缘地区与罗马帝国核心地区之间的关系的本质。通过考古研究，调查人员将研究合并后社会组织的变化，以及罗马人直接出现在该地区的证据。为了实现这些目标，他们将开发一个陶瓷参考集合，这将允许确定各个遗址的年代。他们将进行一项粗粒度的足部调查（辅以遥感和对当地居民的采访），并将记录建筑遗址，以确立风格惯例，以及住宅、防御工事、宗教和工业建筑的建造和改造顺序。他们还将进行初步的古环境研究，以确定是否有可能进行详细的环境重建。如果是这样，这将为研究景观的利用和退化奠定基础。帝国在世界上许多地区独立兴起，考古学家希望了解其起源和运作背后的过程。根据定义，权力掌握在一个中央民族集团手中，该集团通常通过实际或暗示使用武力，试图将控制权扩大到尽可能大的地区。与此同时，臣民试图尽可能多地保留自治权。研究人员对征服者和被征服者都提出了多种策略，而《粗糙的西里西亚》提供了一个很好的背景来评估它们。

With National Science Foundation support Drs. LuAnn Wandsnider, Nicholas Rauh and an international group of collaborators will conduct archaeological research in the Western Rough Cilicia region of Turkey. Located in the Eastern Mediterranean the area was famous both as a pirate base and for the tenacity with which it resisted incorporation into the succession of empires which sought to dominate this large Near Eastern region. During the first and second centuries BC pirates reportedly amassed 1000 warships and 30,000 combatants and extended their naval operations and depredations throughout the Mediterranean, roving as far as Italy and Spain. In 67 BC the Roman general Pompey temporarily eliminated the pirate menace and in 71 AD the region was formally incorporated into the Roman empire. Although literary sources attest to this fact, it is unclear to what extent the Rough Cilicia maintained a degree of autonomy or the nature of the relationship between this peripheral area and the core of the Roman empire. Through archaeological research the investigators will study the changes in social organization which took place after incorporation and the evidence for direct Roman presence in the area. To meet these objectives they will develop a ceramic reference collection which will allow dating of individual sites. They will conduct a coarse grained foot survey (supplemented by remote sensing and interview with local inhabitants) and will document architectural sites to establish stylistic conventions and construction and remodeling sequences for domestic, fortification, religious and industrial structures. They will also carry out a preliminary paleoenvironmental studies to determine whether detailed environmental reconstruction is possible. If so, this will establish the groundwork for looking at utilization and degradation of the landscape.Empires arose independently in many regions of the world and archaeologists wish to understand the processes which underlay their origins and the functioning. By definition, power rests with a central ethnic group which attempts to extend control - usually through actual or implied use of force - over the maximum area possible. At the same time subject peoples try to retain as much autonomy as possible. Researchers have posited multiple strategies both for the conqueror and the conquered and Rough Cilicia provides an excellent context to evaluate them.