Collaborative Research: Luwian-Roman Interaction in Western Rough Cilicia

在国家科学基金会的支持下，卢安·旺德斯尼德博士、尼古拉斯·劳赫和一个国际合作者小组将在土耳其西部粗糙的西里西亚地区进行考古研究。该地区位于地中海东部，既是作为海盗基地而闻名的，也是以顽强地抵制并入试图统治这一大片近东地区的帝国继承而闻名的。据报告，在公元前1世纪和2世纪，海盗集结了1000艘军舰和30 000名战斗人员，并在地中海各地展开了海军行动和掠夺，游荡到意大利和西班牙。公元前67年，罗马将军庞贝暂时消除了海盗的威胁，公元71年，该地区正式并入罗马帝国。尽管文献来源证实了这一事实，但尚不清楚粗暴的西里西亚人在多大程度上保持了一定程度的自治，也不清楚这一边缘地区与罗马帝国核心之间的关系的性质。通过考古研究，调查人员将研究合并后社会组织发生的变化，以及罗马人直接存在于该地区的证据。为了实现这些目标，他们将开发一套陶瓷参考资料集，以便对个别遗址进行年代测定。他们将进行粗粒度的脚步调查(辅之以遥感和对当地居民的采访)，并将记录建筑遗址，以建立住宅、防御工事、宗教和工业结构的风格惯例和建筑和重塑序列。他们还将进行初步的古环境研究，以确定是否有可能进行详细的环境重建。如果是这样的话，这将为研究景观的利用和退化奠定基础。帝国在世界许多地区独立出现，考古学家希望了解支撑它们起源和功能的过程。根据定义，权力掌握在一个中央民族群体手中，该群体试图扩大控制--通常是通过实际或暗示使用武力--在尽可能大的区域内。与此同时，臣民试图保留尽可能多的自治权。研究人员为征服者和被征服者提出了多种策略，而西里西亚为评估这些策略提供了一个很好的背景。

With National Science Foundation support Drs. LuAnn Wandsnider, Nicholas Rauh and an international group of collaborators will conduct archaeological research in the Western Rough Cilicia region of Turkey. Located in the Eastern Mediterranean the area was famous both as a pirate base and for the tenacity with which it resisted incorporation into the succession of empires which sought to dominate this large Near Eastern region. During the first and second centuries BC pirates reportedly amassed 1000 warships and 30,000 combatants and extended their naval operations and depredations throughout the Mediterranean, roving as far as Italy and Spain. In 67 BC the Roman general Pompey temporarily eliminated the pirate menace and in 71 AD the region was formally incorporated into the Roman empire. Although literary sources attest to this fact, it is unclear to what extent the Rough Cilicia maintained a degree of autonomy or the nature of the relationship between this peripheral area and the core of the Roman empire. Through archaeological research the investigators will study the changes in social organization which took place after incorporation and the evidence for direct Roman presence in the area. To meet these objectives they will develop a ceramic reference collection which will allow dating of individual sites. They will conduct a coarse grained foot survey (supplemented by remote sensing and interview with local inhabitants) and will document architectural sites to establish stylistic conventions and construction and remodeling sequences for domestic, fortification, religious and industrial structures. They will also carry out a preliminary paleoenvironmental studies to determine whether detailed environmental reconstruction is possible. If so, this will establish the groundwork for looking at utilization and degradation of the landscape.Empires arose independently in many regions of the world and archaeologists wish to understand the processes which underlay their origins and the functioning. By definition, power rests with a central ethnic group which attempts to extend control - usually through actual or implied use of force - over the maximum area possible. At the same time subject peoples try to retain as much autonomy as possible. Researchers have posited multiple strategies both for the conqueror and the conquered and Rough Cilicia provides an excellent context to evaluate them.