Art & War: Dynamics of International Norm Change

这个项目考察了国际规范和规则体系的变化。特别是，这项研究考察了战时禁止艺术品掠夺的国际规则的演变，重点是从拿破仑战争到现在的时期。尽管直到1800年战争胜利者夺取了战胜国的艺术珍宝，但到20世纪下半叶，国际规则禁止在战争期间销毁或移走艺术品。建立在规则、行动和话语之间相互作用基础上的规范变化的内生理论，产生了关于国际规则演变的可检验命题。这一理论的一个含义是，胜利国将按照新的规范行事，因为这些规范通过纳入国内法律和政策而内在化。这与现实主义传统形成鲜明对比，后者认为大国制定规则是为了符合自己的利益，因此国际规则没有独立的因果关系。反掠夺规范演变过程中的关键时刻提供了证据。这项研究将展示行为者如何解释规范的紧张和模棱两可，他们如何寻求解决它们，以及他们的互动如何改变规则。利用二手资料以及主要资料和档案资料，该项目将重建推动规则演变的政府之间和政府内部的话语。这项研究还将有助于了解有关战争行为的其他国际准则(例如，囚犯和平民的待遇)。

This project examines change in international norms and rule systems. In particular, this study investigates the evolution of international rules against art plundering in wartime, focusing on the period from the Napoleonic Wars to the present. Although until 1800 victors in war seized the art treasures of the vanquished, international rules prohibited the destruction or removal of artworks during war by the latter half of the twentieth century. An endogenous theory of norm change, built on the interactions among rules, actions, and discourses, generates testable propositions about the evolution of international rules. One implication of this theory is that victorious powers will act in accordance with new norms as these become internalized by incorporation into domestic law and policies. This stands in contrast to the realist tradition that suggests that great powers make rules to suit their interests, and therefore that international rules have no independent causal force. Evidence is provided by critical episodes in the evolution of norms against plunder. The research will show how actors interpreted normative tensions and ambiguities, how they sought to resolve them, and how their interactions altered the rules. Using secondary as well as primary and archival sources, the project will reconstruct the discourses, both between and within governments, that drove the evolution of rules. This research will also inform the understanding of other international norms governing the conduct of war (e.g., treatment of prisoners and civilians).