Art & War: Dynamics of International Norm Change

艺术

• 批准号: 0094550
• 负责人: Wayne Sandholtz
• 金额: $ 11万
• 依托单位: University of California-Irvine
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-03-15 至 2003-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0094550&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Art; & War; Dynamics; International

This project examines change in international norms and rule systems. In particular, this study investigates the evolution of international rules against art plundering in wartime, focusing on the period from the Napoleonic Wars to the present. Although until 1800 victors in war seized the art treasures of the vanquished, international rules prohibited the destruction or removal of artworks during war by the latter half of the twentieth century. An endogenous theory of norm change, built on the interactions among rules, actions, and discourses, generates testable propositions about the evolution of international rules. One implication of this theory is that victorious powers will act in accordance with new norms as these become internalized by incorporation into domestic law and policies. This stands in contrast to the realist tradition that suggests that great powers make rules to suit their interests, and therefore that international rules have no independent causal force. Evidence is provided by critical episodes in the evolution of norms against plunder. The research will show how actors interpreted normative tensions and ambiguities, how they sought to resolve them, and how their interactions altered the rules. Using secondary as well as primary and archival sources, the project will reconstruct the discourses, both between and within governments, that drove the evolution of rules. This research will also inform the understanding of other international norms governing the conduct of war (e.g., treatment of prisoners and civilians).

本项目审查国际规范和规则体系的变化。 特别是，本研究调查了国际规则的演变，反对艺术品掠夺在战时，重点是从拿破仑战争时期到现在。尽管直到1800年，战争中的胜利者才没收战败者的艺术珍品，但到了世纪后半叶，国际规则禁止在战争期间破坏或转移艺术品。 一个内生的规范变化理论，建立在规则，行动和话语之间的相互作用，产生关于国际规则的演变可检验的命题。这一理论的一个含义是，战胜国将按照新的规范行事，因为这些规范通过纳入国内法律和政策而成为内部规范。这与现实主义传统形成了鲜明对比，后者认为大国制定规则以满足其利益，因此国际规则没有独立的因果力。反掠夺规范演变过程中的一些关键事件提供了证据。该研究将展示行为者如何解释规范的紧张关系和模糊性，他们如何寻求解决这些问题，以及他们的互动如何改变规则。该项目将利用二手、一手和档案资料，重建政府之间和政府内部推动规则演变的话语。这项研究还将有助于了解关于战争行为的其他国际准则（例如，囚犯和平民的待遇）。