Volcanic Cloud/Atmosphere Interactions: The First Week

火山云/大气相互作用：第一周

• 批准号: 0106875
• 负责人: William Rose
• 金额: $ 23.97万
• 依托单位: Michigan Technological University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-06-15 至 2004-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0106875&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Volcanic; Cloud; Atmosphere; Interactions; First

RoseEAR-0106875Volcanic eruptions produce complex clouds of gas, ash and aerosol mixtures which can be observed in the Earth's atmosphere for minutes to years. Their dynamics, and the chemistry and physics of their evolution, are poorly known yet form the basis for our understanding and mitigation of aircraft hazards, local to regional health effects from fallout, and the potential for global climatic impact. Because the combination of volcanologic, geographic, and atmospheric settings is largely unique for each event, a process-oriented study combining observations, modeling, and laboratory efforts, is warranted.In this proposal, we plan to integrate remote sensing studies of several key examples of volcanic clouds from activity of the past 10 years. We combine numerical models of volcanic eruptions that include microphysical processes, ground-based observations of fallout materials, direct sampling of the clouds, meteorological data and lab-based studies of ash/ice particles. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of volcanic clouds during a period lasting hours to about one week. The direct results of our efforts are expected to clarify issues related to the mechanisms of fallout and hazards of fine ash, the conversion of SO2 to sulfate, and the role of ice in various reactions and processes. The results are important in understanding a wide range of local and global scale environmental effects of eruptions, ranging from livestock poisoning to respiratory disease to hypercanes to climate change to mass extinctions. They are also significant to the mitigation of hazards to aircraft. We focus on four eruptions, all for which we have amassed considerable observational data and experience, and which span a range of volcanic and atmospheric environments: (1) The February 26, 2000 Hekla fissure eruption, which represents an ash-poor example and which fortuitously has important validation information associated with it; (2) The December 26, 1997 eruption at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, which is marked by significant interaction with the ocean; (3) The three 1992 subplinian Spurr eruptions which have unusually extensive and complete observational constraints; and (4) The climactic June 15, 1991 Pinatubo event, the largest well-documented eruption of the past century.

火山爆发产生复杂的气体云，灰烬和气溶胶混合物，可以在地球大气层中观察几分钟到几年。它们的动力学及其演变的化学和物理学知之甚少，但却构成了我们理解和减轻飞机危害、沉降物对当地和区域健康影响以及对全球气候影响的基础。由于火山，地理和大气环境的组合在很大程度上是独特的每个事件，一个过程为导向的研究相结合的观测，建模和实验室的努力，是warranted.In本提案中，我们计划整合遥感研究的几个关键的例子，火山云的活动在过去10年。我们结合了火山爆发的联合收割机数值模型，包括微物理过程，沉降物的地面观测，云的直接采样，气象数据和基于实验室的灰/冰颗粒研究。重点放在持续数小时至约一周的时间内火山云的演变。我们努力的直接结果有望澄清与细灰的沉降和危害机制，SO2转化为硫酸盐以及冰在各种反应和过程中的作用有关的问题。这些结果对于了解火山爆发对当地和全球范围的广泛环境影响非常重要，从牲畜中毒到呼吸道疾病，从超级犬到气候变化到大规模灭绝。它们对减轻对飞机的危害也很重要。我们集中在四个喷发，我们已经积累了相当多的观测数据和经验，并跨越了一系列的火山和大气环境：（1）2000年2月26日Hekla裂缝喷发，这是一个灰贫的例子，偶然有重要的验证信息与之相关;（2）1997年12月26日蒙特塞拉特苏弗里埃山火山的喷发，其特点是与海洋发生重大相互作用;（4）1991年6月15日皮纳图博火山爆发的高潮，这是上世纪有据可查的最大的一次火山爆发。