LTREB: Linking Individual and Spatial Variation to Demography and Population Dynamics of a Neotropical Parrotlet

LTREB：将个体和空间变化与新热带鹦鹉的人口统计学和种群动态联系起来。Beissinger这个长期研究项目将继续研究南美鹦鹉，绿腰鹦鹉（Forpus passerinus），以解决个体之间的显着差异，并在行为，人口统计学和种群动态的小距离。 自1988年以来在委内瑞拉进行的持续长期研究将把社会制度、分散和人口统计与人口动态联系起来。 13年的类似工作揭示了一个复杂的社会系统，由大量的非繁殖雄性主导，这些雄性出现在各种社会群体中，低比率的额外配对受精通常分配给居住在远离筑巢对的雄性，以及两个种群（高地和低地）之间不寻常的空间变化，两个种群之间的繁殖开始相距仅500米，海拔相差1-2米。 他们还发现，这两个种群的种群增长模式不同，这可归因于：（1）高地种群的繁殖成功率较高，（2）年轻的雌性比雄性分散得更远，往往完全离开研究地区，（3）年轻的雄性从质量较差的低地栖息地分散到质量较好的高地栖息地。（1）确定繁殖者和非繁殖者的运动模式和联系，以及年轻人的分散，以了解他们如何解释额外的父母模式，繁殖开始时的小规模变化，以及性别和种群之间的差异;（二）记录在小空间尺度上发生的鹦鹉种群之间繁殖开始的年度变化，并测量食物供应，了解这如何影响产蛋时间;（3）通过开发人口模型，将行为与人口统计学中的性别和栖息地相关差异相结合，了解人口统计学和人口动态中的个体和空间差异的影响。 研究目标将通过扩大研究中的鹦鹉种群数量来实现;使用无线电遥测技术跟踪繁殖对和非繁殖雄性的日常运动和相互作用;并继续进行行为，人口统计和环境监测，以完善我们对社会系统的理解并估计生命率。

LTREB: Linking Individual and Spatial Variation to Demography and Population Dynamics of a Neotropical ParrotSteven R. BeissingerThis long-term research project will continue studies of a South American parrot, the Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), to address marked variation among individuals and across small distances in behavior, demography and population dynamics. Continued long-term studies, which have been conducted since in Venezuela since 1988, will link social system, dispersal and demography to population dynamics. Thirteen years of similar work has revealed a complex social system dominated by large numbers of nonbreeding males which occur in various social groupings, a low rate extra-pair fertilizations that are often assigned to males residing far from the nesting pair, and unusual spatial variation in the onset of breeding between two populations (upland and lowland) located only 500 m apart and differing in elevation by 1-2 meters. They have also found different patterns of population growth in the two populations that can be attributed to: (1) higher reproductive success in the upland population, (2) young females dispersing much farther than males, often leaving the study area altogether, and (3) young males dispersing from the poorer quality lowland habitat to the better quality upland habitat.Specific objectives of the study are to: (1) determine movement patterns and affiliations of breeders and nonbreeders, and dispersal of young to understand how they might account for extra-pair parentage patterns, small-scale variation in the onset of breeding, and differences among the sexes and populations; (2) document annual variation in the onset of breeding among populations of parrotlets that occurs at small spatial scales and measure food availability to see how this affects timing of laying; and (3) understand the effects of the individual and spatial differences in demography and population dynamics by developing population models that integrate behavior with sexual- and habitat-related differences in demography. Study goals will be accomplished by expanding the number of parrotlet populations under study; using radio-telemetry to track the daily movements and interactions of breeding pairs and nonbreeding males; and continuing behavioral, demographic and environmental monitoring to refine our understanding of the social system and to estimate vital rates.