LTREB: Linking Individual and Spatial Variation to Demography and Population Dynamics of a Neotropical Parrotlet

LTREB：将个体和空间变异与新热带鹦鹉的人口学和种群动力学联系起来史蒂文·R·贝辛格这个长期研究项目将继续对南美绿腰鹦鹉(Forpus Passerinus)进行研究，以解决个体之间和小距离行为、人口学和种群动力学的显著差异。自1988年以来，委内瑞拉一直在进行持续的长期研究，这些研究将把社会制度、人口分布和人口结构与人口动态联系起来。13年的类似研究揭示了一个复杂的社会系统，它由大量不繁殖的雄性主导，出现在不同的社会群体中，低比率的额外配对受精往往分配给远离筑巢对的雄性，以及相距仅500米和海拔相差1-2米的两个种群(高地和低地)之间在繁殖开始方面的异常空间差异。他们还发现，这两个种群的种群增长模式不同，这可以归因于：(1)山地种群的繁殖成功率更高，(2)年轻雌性种群比雄性种群分散得更远，经常完全离开研究区域，(3)年轻雄性种群从质量较差的低地栖息地分散到质量较好的山地栖息地。研究的具体目标是：(1)确定繁殖者和非繁育者的迁徙模式和从属关系，以及幼鸟的分散，以了解它们如何解释额外的双亲亲子模式、繁殖开始时的小范围差异以及性别和种群之间的差异；(2)记录发生在小空间尺度上的鹦鹉种群繁殖开始的年度变化，并测量食物可获得性，以了解这如何影响产卵时间；以及(3)通过建立将行为与与性别和栖息地有关的人口统计学差异相结合的种群模型，了解人口统计学和种群动态中的个体和空间差异的影响。研究目标将通过扩大研究中的鹦鹉种群数量来实现；使用无线电遥测来跟踪繁殖对和非繁殖雄性的日常活动和相互作用；以及继续进行行为、人口和环境监测，以完善我们对社会制度的理解，并估计生命比率。

LTREB: Linking Individual and Spatial Variation to Demography and Population Dynamics of a Neotropical ParrotSteven R. BeissingerThis long-term research project will continue studies of a South American parrot, the Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus), to address marked variation among individuals and across small distances in behavior, demography and population dynamics. Continued long-term studies, which have been conducted since in Venezuela since 1988, will link social system, dispersal and demography to population dynamics. Thirteen years of similar work has revealed a complex social system dominated by large numbers of nonbreeding males which occur in various social groupings, a low rate extra-pair fertilizations that are often assigned to males residing far from the nesting pair, and unusual spatial variation in the onset of breeding between two populations (upland and lowland) located only 500 m apart and differing in elevation by 1-2 meters. They have also found different patterns of population growth in the two populations that can be attributed to: (1) higher reproductive success in the upland population, (2) young females dispersing much farther than males, often leaving the study area altogether, and (3) young males dispersing from the poorer quality lowland habitat to the better quality upland habitat.Specific objectives of the study are to: (1) determine movement patterns and affiliations of breeders and nonbreeders, and dispersal of young to understand how they might account for extra-pair parentage patterns, small-scale variation in the onset of breeding, and differences among the sexes and populations; (2) document annual variation in the onset of breeding among populations of parrotlets that occurs at small spatial scales and measure food availability to see how this affects timing of laying; and (3) understand the effects of the individual and spatial differences in demography and population dynamics by developing population models that integrate behavior with sexual- and habitat-related differences in demography. Study goals will be accomplished by expanding the number of parrotlet populations under study; using radio-telemetry to track the daily movements and interactions of breeding pairs and nonbreeding males; and continuing behavioral, demographic and environmental monitoring to refine our understanding of the social system and to estimate vital rates.