STS: Citizen Science in Ornithology: The Co-production of Knowledge by Scientists and Lay People

布鲁斯·勒温斯坦，康奈尔大学--科学家和外行人共同创造知识：鸟类学中的“公民科学”方法建议的研究利用定性方法(人种学、符号学、话语分析和跨国比较)来研究由康奈尔大学鸟类学实验室(CLO)和法国同行开发的一个创新的“公民科学”项目。公民科学计划从普通公众中招募志愿者参加实地调查和其他科学研究项目。从社会学的角度来看，这个项目很有趣，因为它将具有不同技能、科学背景和兴趣的人整合到一个连贯的研究项目中，这个项目涉及整个大陆(在北美)或国家(在法国)。这些项目为观察科学界吸收越来越多的非专业专家来生产知识的方式的变化提供了一个独特的机会；我们的分析涵盖了一个由非科学家组成的大型网络(在美国和加拿大有1.5万名参与者；在法国，另一种形式的网络无法列举)，以及将数据集中在一个计算中心的复杂过程。它还体现了一种亲身实践的科学教育形式，从根本上不同于从专家到新手的更传统的单向交流形式。首席调查员和一名法国合作者将他们目前在法国参与的CLO和鸟类学发展成一项系统的分析，探索项目揭示的“科学家”、“公民”和“参与”的定义，这也允许进行国际比较。国家科学研究中心正在支持法国联合和平研究所的努力。这项研究的目标是：(1)确定和描述公众对科学的理解中未被标准模型所涵盖的新出现的非专业协作形式；(2)描述由非专业参与者在实地调查中收集并转送到研究实验室的数据的形式、个人意义和科学价值方面的“数据自然历史”转变；以及(3)对公民科学项目中非专业参与者和专业参与者之间的书面、电子和面对面的交流进行分析，以评估主体间过程是由法国CLO等实验室和类似项目使用的远距离行动工具创造的，主体间过程有助于群体识别自己。研究结果对跨学科的科学技术研究领域(S和TS)，包括公众理解科学的特定领域具有学术价值。这项研究的发现对科学教育也具有重要意义，因为它们确定了与涉及学校和其他非专业组织参与实际研究项目的项目相关的战略、问题和困境。

SES 0116814Bruce Lewenstein, Cornell UniversityThe Co-Production Of Knowledge By Scientists And Lay People : The "Citizen Science" Approach In Ornithology The proposed study utilizes qualitative methods (ethnography, semiotics, discourse-analysis, and cross-national comparison) to examine an innovative "Citizen Science" program developed by the Cornell University Lab of Ornithology (CLO) and its counterpart in France. The Citizen Science program enrolls volunteers from the general public into field surveys and other scientific research projects. This program is interesting from a sociological point of view because it integrates in a single project people with different skills, scientific backgrounds, and interests into a coherent research program on a continent-wide (in North America) or national (in France) level. These programs provide a unique opportunity for observing change in the way scientific communities incorporate more and more lay experts to produce knowledge; our analysis encompasses a large network of non-scientists (15,000 participants in the United States and Canada; in the French case, a different form of network defies enumeration) and a sophisticated process for concentrating data in a single center of calculation. It also exemplifies a form of hands-on science education that differs fundamentally from the more traditional forms of one- way communication from experts to novices. The Principal Investigator and a French collaborator develop their existing involvement in the CLO and in ornithology in France into a systematic analysis exploring definitions of "scientist," "citizen," and "participation" revealed by the projects, which also allows for an international comparison. The CNRS is supporting the efforts of the French co-PI.This study's objectives are: (1 identification and description of emergent forms of lay-professional collaboration that are not covered by standard models in public understanding of science; (2) description of the "natural history of data" transformations in the form, personal significance, and scientific value of data collected by lay participants in field surveys and relayed to a research laboratory; and (3) analysis of written, electronic, and face-to-face communications between lay and professional participants in Citizen Science projects to assess the way the process of intersubjectivity, which is instrumental for groups to identify themselves, is created by the tools of action at a distance used by laboratories like the CLO and similar projects in France. Findings from the research have intellectual value for the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies (S&TS), including the particular area of public understanding of science. The study's findings also have significant importance for science education, because they identify strategies, problems, and dilemmas associated with projects that involve schools and other lay organizations in actual research projects.