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Copper sulfates, phosphates, and arsenates as pollution containers and vectors

硫酸铜、磷酸盐和砷酸盐作为污染容器和媒介

基本信息

批准号：
160871457
负责人：
Professor Dr. Juraj Majzlan, Ph.D.
金额：
--
依托单位：
Lehrstuhl Allgemeine und Angewandte Mineralogie
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2008-12-31 至 2013-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/160871457?language=en
关键词：
Copper sulfates phosphates arsenates pollution

项目摘要

The principal source of copper are primary sulfide minerals. Their oxidation leads to the formation of secondary and tertiary copper minerals at sites where copper ores were mined in the past or are being mined currently. These minerals are sulfates, phosphates, arsenates, or carbonates of copper. They can be also found in soils polluted by copper where this element was introduced as a component of cheap fungicides and they form by degradation of man-made copper structures, for example, statues. In all these environments, formation processes of the secondary and tertiary Cu minerals are controlled by their thermodynamic properties. Here I propose to study the thermodynamic properties of a number of copper sulfates, phosphates, and arsenates. Within the study, we will determine the formation enthalpies (AH°f) and standard entropies (S°) of these phases by acid-solution and low-temperature quasi-adiabatic calorimetry, respectively. Material for this study will be exclusively synthetic, prepared and thoroughly characterized in our laboratory. An integral part of this study will be the research of secondary and tertiary copper minerals at the locality Lubietova (Libethen in German) where copper sulfates, phosphates, and arsenates are found in abundance. We will investigate especially the pooriy crystalline tertiary minerals by the means of transmission electron microscopy, with two questions in mind: (1) What are the initial phases that control precipitation of Cu under the conditions present here, and (2) Do microorganisms aid or assist the precipitation processes? Using the measured AH°f and S° values, we will calculate Gibbs free energy for each studied phase and construct phase diagrams relevant to environmental conditions. The phase diagrams will be applied to the assemblages determined at lubietova, at sites polluted by Cu in general, including the polluted soils and degrading copper structures. The ultimate goal of the proposed work is to present a reliable and consistent thermodynamic database for the copper minerals applicable to any polluted site where such data may be needed.

铜的主要来源是原生硫化物矿物。它们的氧化导致在过去开采或正在开采铜矿的地点形成次生和第三级铜矿物。这些矿物是硫酸盐、磷酸盐、砷酸盐或铜的碳酸盐。它们也可以在被铜污染的土壤中发现，这种元素是作为廉价杀菌剂的一种成分引入的，它们是通过降解人造铜结构形成的，例如雕像。在所有这些环境中，二次和三次铜矿物的形成过程受其热力学性质的控制。在这里，我建议研究一些硫酸铜、磷酸盐和砷盐的热力学性质。在这项研究中，我们将分别用酸溶法和低温准绝热量热法测定这些相的生成热(AH°f)和标准熵(S°)。这项研究的材料将是完全合成的，准备好的，并在我们实验室进行彻底表征。这项研究的一个组成部分将是对Lubietova(德国的Libeten)地区的次生和第三级铜矿物的研究，那里发现了丰富的硫酸铜、磷酸盐和砷盐。我们将特别研究贫晶性第三系矿物，考虑到两个问题：(1)在目前的条件下，控制铜沉淀的初始相是什么；(2)微生物是否帮助或辅助了沉淀过程？利用测得的H°f和S°值，我们将计算每个研究相的吉布斯自由能，并绘制与环境条件有关的相图。相图将应用于在Lubietova确定的组合，在普遍受铜污染的地点，包括受污染的土壤和退化的铜结构。拟议工作的最终目标是提供一个可靠和一致的铜矿物热力学数据库，适用于可能需要此类数据的任何受污染地点。