Doctoral Dissertation Research: Globalization and the Women's Movement in Indonesia

自2001年9月11日以来，恐怖主义和战争震动了世界。这些事件的影响深深影响了印尼这个世界上穆斯林人口最多的国家。毫不奇怪，在印尼，人们对被认定为美国或“西方”的思想和制度产生了强烈反对。妇女在家庭和社会中的权利和作用目前是印度尼西亚的重要讨论议题。与此同时，印尼妇女运动也在不断发展和成熟。妇女团体因接触外国捐助者和与国际妇女运动的互动而受益。因此，在目前两极分化的背景下，我问，印尼的妇女组织是如何运用源自西方的性别和妇女权利观念的？他们如何在争取平等、权利和正义的斗争中运用这些概念？他们对这些想法的应用如何影响他们参与印度尼西亚境内正在进行的辩论和冲突？为了回答这些问题，我花了2002年9月到2003年8月对雅加达的四个妇女组织进行人种学研究。这些组织的范围从世俗女权主义团体到伊斯兰政党的女性分支。通过深入的参与式观察，我了解了这些印尼活动家，了解了他们对妇女权利、性别平等和性的看法。中东的女权运动通常是世俗的，因此印尼的妇女运动与众不同，因为许多参与者发现，既是穆斯林又是女权主义者是可能的。本研究检视性别与女性权利对女性运动者的多重意义，探讨成为女权主义者的不同方式。它还为Lila Abu-Lughod和Haleh Afshar等学者的研究增加了印度尼西亚的背景，从而促进了关于女权主义、性别和伊斯兰教的辩论。最后，这项研究表明，即使在同一个城市，类似的妇女组织也可能参与到不同的全球结构中，这为全球化对印度尼西亚的影响提供了更多方面的理解。虽然全球化经常被指责为引发宗教原教旨主义，但这项研究表明，文化和思想的全球流动也可以为妇女组织在其国家促进权利和平等提供重要的概念工具。本研究的广泛影响包括以下几点。这项研究将对有兴趣了解发展中国家穆斯林妇女运动的研究人员、学生和政策制定者有用，这是一个在社会科学中没有得到充分研究的主题。当论文完成后，我将捐赠给我研究地点的图书馆，以及印度尼西亚大学妇女研究系和Atma Jaya大学社会发展研究中心。

Since September 11, 2001, the world has been rocked by terrorism and war. The repercussions of these events have deeply impacted Indonesia, home to the world's largest Muslim population. Not surprisingly, there has been a backlash in Indonesia against ideas and institutions identified as American or "Western." The rights and roles of women in the family and society are currently vital discussions in Indonesia. At the same time, the Indonesian women's movement has continued to grow and mature. Women's groups have benefited from their exposure to foreign donors and interaction with international women's movements. So in the current context of polarization, I ask, how are Indonesian women's organizations using Western-derived ideas about gender and women's rights? How are they adapting these concepts in their struggles for equality, rights, and justice? How does their application of such ideas shape their participation in ongoing debates and conflicts within Indonesia? To answer these questions, I spent September 2002 through August 2003 pursuing ethnographic research on four women's organizations in Jakarta. These organizations ranged from a secular feminist group to the women's division of an Islamist political party. Through in-depth, participant observation, I came to know these Indonesian activists and understand their views on women's rights, gender equality, and sexuality. Women's rights movements in the Middle East are usually secular, so the Indonesian women's movement is distinctive in that many participants find it possible to be a Muslim and a feminist. This research examines the multiple meanings of gender and women's rights to women activists, probing different ways of being feminist. It also contributes to the debates on feminism, gender, and Islam by adding an Indonesian context to the research of scholars such as Lila Abu-Lughod and Haleh Afshar. Finally, suggesting that similar women's organizations even within the same city may be engaging with diverse global structures, this research provides a more multifaceted understanding of globalization's impacts on Indonesia. Though globalization is often blamed for provoking religious fundamentalism, this research shows that global flows of culture and ideas can also provide important conceptual tools for women's organizations to promote rights and equality in their countries. The broader impacts of this research include the following. This research will be useful to researchers, students, and policymakers interested in understanding Muslim women's movements in the developing world, a topic which has not been adequately studied in the social sciences. When the dissertation is complete, I will donate copies to the libraries of my research sites, as well as to the Women's Studies Department at the University of Indonesia and the Center for Societal Development Studies at Atma Jaya University.