Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant:The Impact of the Spanish Colonial Regime on Maya Household Production at Lamanai, Belize during the Late Postclassic to Colonial Transition

在斯科特·费迪克博士的指导下，达西·维沃尔将分析她在伯利兹北部拉玛奈玛雅遗址考古发掘期间收集的数据。拉玛奈因在玛雅南部低地提供了关于玛雅/西班牙人相互作用的第一批富有成果的信息而闻名。在后古典时期晚期，该社区是玛雅中部低地的一个小而繁荣的政治和经济政体。大约在1546年，拉马奈被纳入西班牙殖民鼓励制度，该制度要求每个家庭支付一定数量的传统和非传统商品。Wiewall的挖掘重点是恢复多行数据，这些数据将评估家庭组织、生产和消费策略及其相应的生产性别关系在后古典晚期（公元1450-1546年）和西班牙殖民时期（公元1546-1650年）之间的转变程度。(132)。为了理解西班牙国家形成对玛雅平民家庭的影响，可以通过应用房屋地块模型来重建家庭的社会经济活动。住宅地块由住宅、相关建筑和进行家庭活动的直接周边区域组成，这些活动的材料和有机副产品的痕迹仍然存在。随着家庭的变化，某些行为或活动可能会被放弃或开始，或者不同活动相对于其他活动的比例可能会发生变化。记录房屋地块配置和活动（食物准备，工艺，园艺等）在空间上的变化将有助于理解人们参与的活动范围以及他们对劳动力和资源分配的决策。同样，通过比较个别家庭群体，我们可以深入了解社会组织（性别、年龄、阶级、种族）以及经济和政治组织。（143）该项目考察了四个住宅地块，并比较了在这个空间内进行的活动。开发了一套考古学相关性来区分后古典晚期与殖民地房屋地块，从而区分家庭组织，生产和消费策略的变化程度。由于许多将家庭社会经济区分开来的生产活动发生在住宅附近的区域，因此该项目旨在通过土壤化学（磷酸盐）和古民族植物学样本恢复和分析不可观察的残留物。（82）本项目将通过提高伯利兹和美国公众对科学的了解水平而产生更广泛的影响。与该项目相关的公共宣传主要集中在位于Lamanai附近的印度教堂社区。联合调查团实施了一项计划，让当地妇女接受考古实验室助理的培训和技能。这一培训将为他们将来与在该地区进行调查的其他考古学家和其他研究人员一起工作做好准备。这些新技能将为伯利兹考古研究所提供就业机会。外联活动还包括为当地社区参观现场和实验室设施，并向社区图书馆提交实地报告。研究成果将通过课堂讲座、当地考古兴趣小组、专业会议和学术出版物传播。此外，该奖项将有助于研究生培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. Scott Fedick, Darcy Wiewall will analyze data gathered during her archaeological excavations at the Maya site of Lamanai in Northern Belize. Lamanai is notable for having produced the first fruitful information on Maya/Spanish interaction in the southern Maya lowlands. In the Late Postclassic period the community was a small, but flourishing political and economic polity in the central Maya lowlands. Circa 1546, Lamanai was incorporated into the Spanish colonial encomienda system, which required individual households to pay specified amounts of traditional and non-traditional goods. Wiewall's excavations focused on recovery of multiple lines of data that will assess the extent to which household organization, production, and consumption strategies and their corresponding gender relations of production shifted between the Late Postclassic (A.D. 1450-1546) and Spanish Colonial Periods (A.D. 1546-1650). (132).To understand how the impact of Spanish state formation altered Maya commoner households one can reconstruct household socio-economic activities through application of the house lot model. The house lot is composed of the dwelling, associated buildings and the immediate surrounding area where household activities were carried out and were traces of material and organic by-products of those activities remain. As a household under goes change, specific behaviors or activities may be abandoned or initiated, or the proportions of different activities may change relative to others. Documenting changes in house lot configurations and activities (food preparation, craftwork, gardening, etc.) across space will contribute to understanding the range of activities in which people participated and the decisions they made about labor and resource allocations. Likewise, through comparing individual household groups we gain insight into social organization (gender, age, class, ethnicity) and economic and political organization. (143)This project examines four house lots and compares the activities performed within this space. A set of archaeological correlates were developed to distinguish a Late Postclassic from a Colonial house lot and thereby the extent of changes in household organization, production, and consumption strategies. Because many productive activities that differentiate households socio-economically from one another take place in areas adjacent to the dwelling this project was geared toward recovery and analysis of non-observable remains accessible through soil chemistry (phosphate) and paleoethnobotanical samples. (82)This project will have a broader impact by enhancing the level of public understanding of science both in Belize and the United States. Public outreach associated with the project has focused on the community of Indian Church, located adjacent to Lamanai. The Co-PI has implemented a program for local women to receive training and skills as archaeological laboratory assistants. This training will prepare them for future employment with other archaeologists and other researchers conducting investigations in the area. These new skills will open up opportunities for employment with the Belize Institute of Archaeology. Outreach also includes tours of the site and laboratory facilities for the local community and submission of field reports to the community library. The research findings will be disseminated through class lecture, local archaeology interest groups, professional meetings, and scholarly publications. Furthermore, the award will assist in graduate student training.