Capturing Mauna Loa's Current Reawakening - Integrated Geodetic and Numerical Investigations of Magmatic and Volcanotectonic Processes, Mauna Loa, Hawaii

夏威夷的莫纳罗亚火山目前为科学研究提供了前所未有的机会。最近的大地测量证据表明，地球上最大的火山已经开始重新膨胀，并且很可能处于典型喷发周期的第一阶段，该周期包括：1)峰顶膨胀，2)峰顶喷发，3)岩脉扩张和侧面喷发。尽管自1833年以来，这里发生了30多次这样的喷发周期，最近一次是在1984年喷发前10年，但伴随的地表变形场从未被新一代高分辨率太空大地测量平台的数据分析过，而这些平台目前正在彻底改变火山大地测量学。我们建议通过比较GPS和insar导出的地表位移场和时间序列与模拟重力载荷条件的数值模拟预测，来研究莫纳罗亚火山地壳变形的运动学和力学及其与岩浆过程的关系。我们将安装12个连续运行的GPS （CGPS）和30个测量GPS （SGPS）站，重点关注莫纳罗亚的裂谷带和侧翼。我们将把GPS数据与insar衍生的ENVISAT重复通道时间序列相结合，在大于10公里的区域内提供10米像素间距的空间连续性。对三个基本火山构造过程和相关问题的研究推动了我们的研究：1)峰顶膨胀和喷发。峰顶岩浆房的空间位置和几何形状是什么？它在峰顶喷发之前是如何变化的？峰顶喷发发生的整个大厦的机械边界条件是什么？2)堤防扩展与侧翼喷发。峰顶与裂谷带侵入/侧翼喷发之间的关系是什么？是什么控制了岩脉沿侧面裂谷带向下扩展的动力学？一个特别令人兴奋的前景是，CGPS站点将捕捉到莫纳罗亚火山两侧裂谷区的主要岩脉入侵事件。3)火山重力变形。地形诱发的应力如何影响近地表变形和火山过程？邻近的火山，如基拉韦厄火山，是如何影响火山构造现象的？

Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano currently presents a window of scientific opportunity that is unprecedented. Recent geodetic evidence shows that Earth's largest volcano has begun to re-inflate and is likely in the first stage of a typical eruption cycle comprising: 1) summit inflation, 2) summit eruption, and 3) dike propagation and flank eruptions. Although more than 30 such eruptive cycles have occurred here since 1833, and one as recently as the 10 years prior to the 1984 eruption, the accompanying surface deformation fields have never been analyzed with data from the new generation of high-resolution space- based geodetic platforms that is currently revolutionizing volcano geodesy.We propose to investigate the kinematics and mechanics of crustal deformation and its relation to magmatic processes at Mauna Loa by comparing GPS- and InSAR-derived surface displacement fields and time series with predictions from numerical simulations designed to simulate gravitational loading conditions. We will install 12 continuously operating GPS (CGPS) and 30 survey GPS (SGPS) stations focused on Mauna Loa's rift zones and flanks. We will combine the GPS data with an InSAR-derived time series from ENVISAT repeat passes to provide spatial continuity at a pixel spacing of 10s of meters over areas greater than 10s of kilometers.The investigation of three fundamental volcanotectonic processes and related questions drive our investigation:1) Summit Inflation and Eruption. What is the spatial location and geometry of the summit magma chamber and how does it change prior, and leading up, to a summit eruption? What are the mechanical boundary conditions throughout the edifice in which a summit eruption occurs?2) Dike Propagation and Flank Eruption. What is the relationship between summit and rift zone intrusions/flank eruptions? What controls the dynamics of dike propagation down a flank rift zone? A particularly exciting prospect is that the CGPS sites will capture major dike-intrusion events into one of Mauna Loa's flanking rift zones.3) Gravitational Volcanic Deformation. How do topographically-induced stresses influence near-surface deformation and volcanic processes? How do neighboring volcanoes, such as Kilauea, impact volcanotectonic phenomena?