Web Accessibility for Low-Bandwidth Input

低带宽输入的 Web 可访问性

• 批准号: 0511895
• 负责人: Jennifer Mankoff
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Carnegie-Mellon University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-12-01 至 2007-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0511895&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Web; Accessibility; Low; Bandwidth; Input

This research is intended to develop technology that will allow motor-impaired disabled people to communicate with a computer most effectively, especially giving them access to the web. An important part of the work will be development of a tool that can model users with severe motor impairments and automatically make the adjustment necessary to provide access to the web. For example, a web page may be modified to show preview information about a selected link to user to avoid the cost of following a wrong link and then backing out again. Preliminary work has identified seven requirements for such a tool, ranging from navigation support to dealing with forms. These requirements will be augmented and refined as the work progresses. Two complementary systems will be built that meet these requirements. One is a dynamic browser interface and leaves the actual HTML unchanged. The other is a proxy server that modifies HTML to be more accessible. Neither requires the authors of web pages to make changes. The first approach will allow finer control over modifications and provide a platform for experimentation with different mappings between input signals and action based on errors and fatigue. The modified browser will be able to track errors and adjust its interface accordingly. It will also allow experimentation with different approaches to avoiding errors such as confirmation dialogs. The second approach will be platform independent, and available to any user without requiring that any special software be installed. It will allow the testing of modifications on a much wider scale. These automatic approaches are necessary because it is unrealistic to expect that web designers will handcode the necessary modifications into their websites.Additionally, the research will explore the feasibility of automatically generating user interface modifications based on a user model, something applicable to other common and important applications such as email and word processing. Both the web accessibility work and this larger goal have applications outside of assistive technology. For instance, they may be used to increase accessibility of the web to other users with limited input capabilities, for example, to mobile phone users with limited (9-key) keyboards.These systems will be developed and tested first with abled and then motor-impaired users. They will be deployed publicly, and their impact will be studied over time. Finally, the research will impact accessibility guidelines, so that more web pages and other applications can support low bandwidth accessibility. The contribution of this work will be a set of techniques for making the web more accessible in conditions where input is extremely limited and errors are likely. This system will be useful to people with motor disabilities, or any user with access to limited input devices, such as a wearable computer user.

这项研究旨在开发技术，以使运动障碍的残疾人能够最有效地与计算机进行通信，尤其是让他们访问网络。 工作的重要组成部分是开发一种工具，该工具可以为用户建模严重的电机障碍，并自动进行调整以提供网络访问。例如，可以修改网页以显示有关所选链接到用户的预览信息，以避免遵循错误的链接然后再次备份的成本。初步工作已经确定了这种工具的七个要求，从导航支持到处理表格。 随着工作的进行，这些要求将得到增强和完善。将建立两个满足这些要求的互补系统。一个是动态浏览器接口，使实际的HTML保持不变。另一个是代理服务器，可修改HTML以更容易访问。 两者都不需要网页的作者进行更改。 第一种方法将允许对修改的更精细控制，并为基于错误和疲劳的输入信号和操作之间的不同映射提供实验平台。修改后的浏览器将能够跟踪错误并相应地调整其接口。它还将允许使用不同的方法进行实验，以避免错误，例如确认对话。第二种方法将独立于平台，并可供任何用户使用，而无需安装任何特殊的软件。它将允许在更广泛的规模上测试修改。 这些自动方法是必要的，因为期望Web设计人员会将必要的修改将必要的修改授予其网站是不现实的。在此方面，研究将探讨自动生成基于用户模型的用户界面修改的可行性，这是适用于其他常见和重要的应用程序（例如电子邮件和文字处理）的可行性。网络可访问性工作和这个更大的目标都具有辅助技术之外的应用程序。例如，它们可用于将网络的可访问性提高到其他输入功能有限的用户，例如，键盘有限（9键）键盘的手机用户。这些系统将首先使用烧蚀的，然后是电动机障碍的用户进行测试。它们将公开部署，随着时间的推移，它们的影响将进行研究。最后，研究将影响可访问性指南，以便更多的网页和其他应用程序可以支持低带宽可访问性。这项工作的贡献将是一系列技术，以使网络在非常有限且可能出现错误的条件下更容易访问。该系统对运动障碍者或任何具有有限输入设备（例如可穿戴计算机用户）的用户有用。