Web Accessibility for Low-Bandwidth Input

低带宽输入的 Web 可访问性

• 批准号: 0209213
• 负责人: Jennifer Mankoff
• 金额: $ 24.83万
• 依托单位: University of California-Berkeley
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2002
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2002-09-15 至 2005-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0209213&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Web; Accessibility; Low; Bandwidth; Input

This research is intended to develop technology that will allow motor-impaired disabled people to communicate with a computer most effectively, especially giving them access to the web. An important part of the work will be development of a tool that can model users with severe motor impairments and automatically make the adjustment necessary to provide access to the web. For example, a web page may be modified to show preview information about a selected link to user to avoid the cost of following a wrong link and then backing out again. Preliminary work has identified seven requirements for such a tool, ranging from navigation support to dealing with forms. These requirements will be augmented and refined as the work progresses. Two complementary systems will be built that meet these requirements. One is a dynamic browser interface and leaves the actual HTML unchanged. The other is a proxy server that modifies HTML to be more accessible. Neither requires the authors of web pages to make changes. The first approach will allow finer control over modifications and provide a platform for experimentation with different mappings between input signals and action based on errors and fatigue. The modified browser will be able to track errors and adjust its interface accordingly. It will also allow experimentation with different approaches to avoiding errors such as confirmation dialogs. The second approach will be platform independent, and available to any user without requiring that any special software be installed. It will allow the testing of modifications on a much wider scale. These automatic approaches are necessary because it is unrealistic to expect that web designers will handcode the necessary modifications into their websites.Additionally, the research will explore the feasibility of automatically generating user interface modifications based on a user model, something applicable to other common and important applications such as email and word processing. Both the web accessibility work and this larger goal have applications outside of assistive technology. For instance, they may be used to increase accessibility of the web to other users with limited input capabilities, for example, to mobile phone users with limited (9-key) keyboards.These systems will be developed and tested first with abled and then motor-impaired users. They will be deployed publicly, and their impact will be studied over time. Finally, the research will impact accessibility guidelines, so that more web pages and other applications can support low bandwidth accessibility. The contribution of this work will be a set of techniques for making the web more accessible in conditions where input is extremely limited and errors are likely. This system will be useful to people with motor disabilities, or any user with access to limited input devices, such as a wearable computer user.

这项研究旨在开发技术，使运动障碍的残疾人能够最有效地与计算机进行交流，特别是让他们访问网络。 这项工作的一个重要部分将是开发一种工具，可以模拟有严重运动障碍的用户，并自动进行必要的调整，以提供对网络的访问。例如，可以修改网页以向用户显示关于所选链接的预览信息，以避免跟随错误链接然后再次退出的成本。初步工作确定了这一工具的七项要求，从导航支持到处理表格。 这些要求将随着工作的进展而增加和完善。将建立两个互补的系统来满足这些要求。一个是动态浏览器界面，保持实际HTML不变。另一个是代理服务器，它修改HTML以使其更容易访问。 也不要求网页的作者进行修改。 第一种方法将允许对修改进行更精细的控制，并提供一个平台，用于实验输入信号与基于错误和疲劳的动作之间的不同映射。修改后的浏览器将能够跟踪错误并相应地调整其界面。它还将允许实验不同的方法来避免错误，如确认对话框。第二种方法将是平台独立的，并提供给任何用户，而不需要安装任何特殊的软件。它将允许在更大范围内测试修改。 这些自动化的方法是必要的，因为这是不切实际的期望，网页设计师将手工编码到他们的网站上的必要修改。此外，研究将探讨基于用户模型自动生成用户界面修改的可行性，适用于其他常见和重要的应用程序，如电子邮件和文字处理。网页无障碍工作和这个更大的目标都有辅助技术之外的应用。例如，它们可用于增加输入能力有限的其他用户对网络的访问，例如键盘有限（9键）的移动的电话用户，这些系统将首先在有能力的用户中开发和测试，然后在有运动障碍的用户中开发和测试。它们将被公开部署，其影响将随着时间的推移进行研究。最后，这项研究将影响可访问性指南，使更多的网页和其他应用程序可以支持低带宽的可访问性。这项工作的贡献将是一套技术，使网络更容易访问的条件下，输入是极其有限的，错误是可能的。这个系统将是有用的人与运动障碍，或任何用户访问有限的输入设备，如可穿戴计算机用户。