A Second Edition of "Anatomy of the Monocotyledone (Palmae)" Based on New Evidence in Relation to Phylogeny

棕榈科是地球上最重要的生态和经济植物类群之一。 本文将回答三个关于手掌的科学问题：（1）解剖变异的范围是什么？ 将描述和记录所有187属和大约500种棕榈树的解剖学，重点是叶子。 研究结果将作为1961年早期《单子叶植物解剖学》系列的新版出版。 新的观测结果将基于从三个美国热带植物园收集的材料，这些植物园种植了容易获得的棕榈树。 由于当地政府的限制，这种国内资源避免了在许多热带国家收集的困难，如果不是不可能的任务。 (2)解剖学在棕榈树分类学中有多大用处？ 新版将提供解剖学特征，包括照相底片。 信息将被提炼为一个带有词汇表和图像的交互式关键词，并可在万维网上广泛查阅。 棕榈材料和经济产品将被识别为属，在许多情况下是种。 热带生物学和农业的研究人员将参考它。(3)解剖特征在系统发育上的意义是什么？ 棕榈是一个独特的自然植物群，其中进化关系的分子证据与形态学和解剖学无关。 解剖数据将被评分的分支分析，以帮助澄清棕榈系统学。 关于解剖特征进化的假设将与分子树（目前正在其他合作实验室确定）进行比较。更广泛的科学意义和社会效益：拟议的书籍和网站将记录和传播对棕榈结构和分类的更好理解。 基于分子数据的新的进化假说将根据新的结构数据进行评估。 结构特征也可能与棕榈生态学有关。 棕榈具有全球经济重要性，在热带人民的文化和生活中具有地方价值。 它们在热带植物学的教学中起着图标的作用。 解剖学概要和网站将有助于非植物学家（生态学、考古学、工业、农林业和法医学）识别棕榈树，同时为病理学和生理学研究提供基础。 一名博士后研究员和一名研究生将接受培训;费尔柴尔德挑战网络将向30，000名美国学童分发解释性和教育性材料，并在全球范围内通过棕榈收藏植物园、IUCN棕榈专家组、全球树木运动和全球棕榈保护评估的合作伙伴分发。 在费尔柴尔德热带植物园，研究成果将被添加到解释性标志和图尔斯介绍给学生，教师和公众谁参观花园。

AbstractThe palm family (Arecaceae) is one of the most ecologically important and economically valuable plant groups on Earth. Three scientific questions about palms will be answered:(1) What is the range of anatomical variation? Anatomy with emphasis on leaves will be described and documented for all 187 genera and about 500 species of palms. The results will be published as a new edition of the earlier 1961 volume in the Anatomy of the Monocotyledons series. The new observations will be based on material collected from three American tropical botanic gardens with cultivated and readily accessible palms. This domestic resource avoids the difficult if not impossible task of collecting in many tropical countries due to local government restrictions. (2) How useful is anatomy in palm systematics? The new edition will provide anatomical characterizations including photographic plates. Information will be distilled as an interactive key with glossary and images and be widely accessible on the World Wide Web. Palm material and economic products will be identifiable to genus and in many cases species. Researchers in tropical biology and agriculture will refer to it.(3) What is the phylogenetic significance of anatomical characters? The palms are a distinctive and natural plant group in which molecular evidence for evolutionary relationships has not been related to morphology and anatomy. Anatomical data will be scored for cladistic analyses to help clarify palm systematics. Hypotheses about anatomical character evolution will be compared to molecular trees (now being determined in other cooperating labs) for congruence. Broader scientific significance and societal benefits: The proposed book and website will document and disseminate the improved understanding of palm structure and classification. New evolutionary hypotheses based on molecular data will be evaluated against the new structural data. Structural features can also be related to palm ecology. Palms are of global economic importance and of local value in the culture and life of tropical peoples. They serve as icons in the teaching of tropical botany. The anatomical compendium and website will assist in identification of palms for non-botanists (in ecology, archaeology, industry, agroforestry and forensic science) while providing a foundation for pathological and physiological studies. A postdoctoral fellow and graduate student will be trained; interpretive and educational materials will be distributed by the Fairchild Challenge Network to 30,000 U.S. school children, and globally, through botanic gardens with palm collections, partners in the IUCN Palm Specialist Group, the Global Trees Campaign, and the Global Palm Conservation Assessment. At Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, research results will be added to interpretive signs and tours presented to school children, teachers and the general public who visit the Garden.