The National Map in a Global Age: A Study of Science, Territoriality, and Governance in the U.S. and Philippines during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

摘要：19世纪末，美国联邦政府在美国地质调查局的科学家们的动员下，发起了一项强有力的国家测绘计划，旨在为国家领土的每一块土地制作大比例的准确地形图和地质图，进而通过购买和通过分布在全国各地的图书馆储存库向公众提供地图和相关信息。国家地图项目最初是有争议的，它反映了科学与资源和环境治理之间的一套新兴关系，特别是在美国全球扩张的关键时刻，政府科学家在国家领土、领土和身份建设中发挥的积极作用。这项研究考察了19世纪末和20世纪初美国领土的科学和地图性质，其特点是出现了新的全球流动和交流，这些流动和交流超越了国界，但受到国界的深刻规范和构建。在将商业和军事活动扩展到国外并建立影响力的同时，美国也依赖于来自外部的人员、资源和思想的流动来实现内部的经济增长和繁荣，这使得构建新的领土模式，即旨在影响一个地区的性质和内容的包容性和排他性做法，成为一种现实需要。在国际档案研究的基础上，该项目考察了科学和科学表现模式在领土和领土模式形成中的作用，重点关注美国政府科学家在美国和菲律宾群岛的工作。菲律宾是美国加强全球参与的关键地点，在那里，科学在各种殖民统治事务中发挥着核心作用，包括公共卫生、农业和土地使用，以及民族学和部落关系。因此，这项研究试图提高我们对全球范围内美国领土在相对较长的历史时期内不断变化的维度的理解，重点放在科学和治理机构在实现这些转变方面的相互关系。国家领土在全球化时代的意义对于理解当代世界仍然是一个至关重要的问题；100年前，在1898年美西战争之后，作为更广泛的全球参与的一部分，美国将其管辖权扩大到加勒比海和太平洋地区，这对治理问题也是至关重要的。这个项目从美国和全球历史上一个形成但鲜为人知的时刻，为当代学术、教育和公共辩论提供了关于科学、政府以及领土和资源控制之间相互关系的新的理论和经验知识。该项目还将促进美国殖民时期的美国和菲律宾学者之间的新联系。

Abstract:During the late nineteenth century, the U.S. federal government initiated a vigorous national mapping program, mobilized by scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey, that was designed to produce accurate topographical and geological maps at a large scale for every piece of national territory and, in turn, to make the maps and related information available to the public by purchase and through library depositories distributed throughout the country. The national map project, which was initially controversial, reflected an emerging set of relations between science and the governance of resources and environments, and in particular an active role for government scientists in the construction of national territory, territoriality, and identity at a crucial moment of US global expansion. This research examines the scientific and cartographic nature of American territoriality in an era, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, characterized by the emergence of new global flows and exchanges that transcended, but were profoundly regulated and structured by, national boundaries. While extending commercial and military activities and building influence beyond its borders, the US at the same time depended on flows of people, resources, and ideas from the outside for economic growth and prosperity within, making the construction of new modes of territoriality, i.e., the inclusionary and exclusionary practices meant to influence the nature and content of an area, a practical necessity. With a basis in international archival research, the project examines the role of science and scientific modes of representation in the making of territory and modes of territoriality, focusing on the work of US government scientists in both the U.S. and the Philippine Islands. The Philippines was a pivotal site for America's heightened global engagement in which science played a central role in matters of colonial governance as diverse as public health, agriculture and land use, and ethnology and tribal relations. The research thus seeks to improve our understanding of the changing dimensions of U.S. territoriality in a global context over relatively long historical periods, focusing on the interrelations of science and institutions of governance in effecting these transformations. The meaning of national territory in a global age remains a vital question for understanding the contemporary world; it was also vital to problems of governance one hundred years ago when, in the wake of the 1898 Spanish-American War, the U.S. expanded its jurisdictions into the Caribbean and Pacific as part of a wider global engagement. This project contributes new theoretical and empirical knowledge concerning the interrelations of science, government, and territorial and resource control from a formative, but too little known, moment in US and global history to inform contemporary scholarship, education, and public debate. The project will also facilitate new connections between American and Filipino scholars of the American colonial period.