Collaborative Research: The U.S. Senate Election Data Base, 1871-1913

合作研究：美国参议院选举数据库，1871-1913 年

• 批准号: 0518313
• 负责人: Charles Stewart
• 金额: $ 23.81万
• 依托单位: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-09-01 至 2008-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0518313&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; U.S.; Senate; Election

This collaborative research investigation focuses on the electoral dynamics of U.S. Senate elections in state legislatures before the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913. It is motivated by a set of theoretical and empirical questions that pertain both to political parties as organizations and legislative behavior at the state level during this era. Studying state legislative choices for U.S. Senate generates hypotheses about how partisan majorities in legislatures translate their numerical strength into cohesive voting blocs, that, in turn, produce policies that reflect electoral majorities.At the core of this project is the analysis of all U.S. Senate elections in the United Statesfrom 1871 to 1913. Its starting point challenges the two major, yet contradictory,"stylized facts" that have been used to characterize these elections. The first, associatedwith Riker (1955), is that Senate elections were effectively popular affairs in thenineteenth century and that state legislative elections functioned effectively as shadowsenatorial elections. The second, associated with Progressive historiography is that party bosses and corporate interests completely controlled state legislative activity such that the election of U.S. senators was pre-determined before the first day of a new legislative session. The choice for U.S. Senate was bound up in a much larger set of choices for legislators that directly reflected their allegiance to state and federal party organizations and specific policy platforms. Consequently, this project is designed to create and disseminate a unique data set on party organizations in state legislatures in the nineteenth century from 1871 to 1913, ranging from legislator party identification, to chamber organization votes, to vote choice for U.S. Senate, to state electoral returns. This data set will include the actual roll call data (taken from state legislative journals) for all U.S. Senate elections from 1871 to 1913, roll call data pertaining to the organization of all state legislative chambers, state legislative election data, and data about the nominating methods (legislative caucus, convention, or primary) that produced U.S. Senate nominees. The research produced with this data set will complement current projects that investigate the ties between state and national elections, and the effects of political primaries at the local level during this era. Broader Impacts: State legislators were the key links between parties in the electorate and party in government, both at the state and federal levels (through U.S. Senate elections). The end product of this research project will be a major database that will, for the first time, enable scholars to systematically analyze legislative behavior in state legislatures, at the individual and aggregate levels. As such, this research project will enable scholars to draw a comprehensive picture of the development of the American political party system at the state level, as well as assess the coherence between state and national political parties during this era.

这项合作研究调查的重点是美国的选举动态州议会参议院选举在1913年批准第17修正案之前。它的动机是一套理论和经验的问题，涉及到政党组织和立法行为在国家一级在这个时代。研究美国参议院的州立法选择产生了关于立法机构中的党派多数如何将其数量优势转化为有凝聚力的投票集团的假设，反过来，这些假设又产生了反映选举多数的政策。该项目的核心是对1871年至1913年美国所有美国参议院选举的分析。它的出发点挑战了用来描述这些选举的两个主要但相互矛盾的“程式化事实”。第一个与Riker（1955）有关，认为参议院选举在十九世纪实际上是民众事务，州立法选举实际上是影子参议院选举。第二，与进步史学有关的是，政党老板和公司利益完全控制了州立法活动，因此美国参议员的选举在新立法会议的第一天之前就已经确定。美国参议院的选择与立法者的一系列更大的选择密切相关，这些选择直接反映了他们对州和联邦政党组织以及具体政策平台的忠诚。因此，这个项目的目的是创建和传播一个独特的数据集，党组织在19世纪的州立法机构，从1871年至1913年，从立法者党的身份，商会组织投票，投票选择美国参议院，国家选举的回报。该数据集将包括1871年至1913年所有美国参议院选举的实际点名数据（取自州立法期刊），与所有州立法机构组织有关的点名数据，州立法选举数据以及产生美国参议院提名人的提名方法（立法核心小组，大会或初选）的数据。使用该数据集进行的研究将补充目前调查州和全国选举之间关系的项目，以及在这个时代地方一级政治初选的影响。更广泛的影响：在州和联邦两级（通过美国参议院选举），州议员是选民中的政党和政府中的政党之间的关键联系。这个研究项目的最终产品将是一个主要的数据库，这将是第一次，使学者们能够系统地分析州立法机构的立法行为，在个人和集体层面。因此，本研究项目将使学者能够全面了解美国政党制度在州一级的发展，并评估这一时期州和国家政党之间的一致性。