The Role of Corporate Groups in the Development of Early Pueblos

美国国家科学基金会的拨款将资助美国西南部的研究，以调查史前阿纳萨齐人是如何应对12世纪当地人口增加和快速移民的。艾莉森·劳特曼博士（密歇根州立大学）将在一个名为弗兰克废墟的普韦布洛遗址进行为期两个夏季的挖掘工作，该遗址的历史约为公元1100年至1300年。挖掘工作将包括本科生和研究生的挖掘、文物分析、报告撰写和外联工作。学生们还将准备外联材料，捐赠给附近的萨利纳斯普韦布洛国家公园和普韦布洛后裔群体，用于他们的教育项目。新数据将与来自同一地区两个较早站点的现有数据进行比较。在这个地区，人口重组伴随着从坑屋遗址到早期普韦布洛人发展的建筑过渡：人们首先从分散的半地下坑屋搬到数量较少的地上土砖普韦布洛人，然后聚集成更大的砖石普韦布洛人。1986年在附近的一个坑穴遗址进行的挖掘收集提供了大量人口迁移之前阿纳萨齐人生活方式的基线数据。第二个遗址是1994年发掘的早期土坯普韦布洛遗址，它提供的数据代表了该地区普韦布洛发展的第一步，即建造地上结构取代地下坑洞结构。弗兰克废墟的挖掘提供了普韦布洛发展的第二阶段的数据，这涉及到整个地区的石灰岩砌体普韦布洛的变化，以及人口集中到更少但更大的地点。来自历史时期附近普韦布洛人的公布数据证实，陶瓷的生产和使用、仪式盛宴和公共狩猎在普韦布洛村的层面上变得高度组织化。在每个史前遗址中，可能存在某种形式的高于家庭水平的合作（公司）团体，考古证据表明，经济活动（如工艺专业化）日益标准化，也有共同狩猎和宴会的证据。对这三个地点的比较将准确地确定家庭群体在这些经济和仪式活动中开始合作的时间。知识价值。这个项目的重点是了解合作团体在促进当地人口相对迅速聚集方面的作用。该研究特别调查了企业集团在发展和加强社区内社会关系方面的重要性，这些社会关系促进了更多的人之间的合作，并在当地移民到以前建立的村庄的背景下。更广泛的影响。这些分析有助于更好地理解史前西南地区普遍存在的“茅屋到普韦布洛的过渡”。学生参与外展活动将影响萨利纳斯普韦布洛国家公园的许多游客，以及现代普韦布洛后裔社区。更广泛地说，本研究调查了分散和聚集的社区如何在个人和家庭之间发展、培养和维持有效的社会联系，无论这些社区是采用现代分散的牧场或网络社区的形式，还是（在另一个极端）高度核化的定居点，如现代难民营或正在努力应对持续人口迁移的城市。

The National Science Foundation grant will fund research in the American Southwest to investigate how the prehistoric Anasazi coped with increased local population and rapid immigration during the 12th century . Dr. Alison Rautman (Michigan State University) will direct two summer seasons of excavation at a pueblo site called Frank's Ruin, which dates from about A.D. 1100 to 1300. The excavations will involve undergraduate and graduate students in excavation, artifact analysis, report-writing, and outreach. Students will also prepare outreach materials to donate to nearby Salinas Pueblo Missions National Park and to the descendent Pueblo groups for use in their educational programs.The new data will be compared with existing collections from two earlier sites in the same locale. In this area, population re-organization accompanies an architectural transition from pithouse sites to the development of early pueblos: people first move from dispersed semi-subterranean pithouses into a smaller number of adobe-brick above-ground pueblos, and then later aggregate into even larger masonry pueblos. Collections from the 1986 excavations at a nearby pithouse site provides baseline data regarding the Anasazi's way of life before substantial population in-migration. Collections from a second site, an early adobe pueblo site excavated in 1994, provide data that represent the first step in pueblo development in this area, the construction of above-ground structures that replace the below-ground pitstructures. Excavation at Frank's Ruin provides data from the second step in pueblo development, which involved a region-wide change to limestone masonry pueblos and population concentration into fewer but larger sites. Published data from Historic period pueblos nearby confirm that ceramic production and use, ritual feasting, and communal hunting became highly organized at the level of the pueblo village. The possible existence of some form of cooperative (corporate) group above the level of the household is examined for each prehistoric site with archaeological evidence for increasing standardization in economic activities such as craft specialization, and also evidence of communal hunting and feasting. Comparisons between the three sites will identify exactly when groups of households begin to cooperate in these economic and ritual activities.Intellectual merit. This project focuses on understanding the role of cooperative groups in facilitating relatively rapid local population aggregation. The research investigates specifically the importance of corporate groups in developing and reinforcing within-community social ties that facilitate cooperation among a greater number of people, and in the context of local in-migration into previously established villages. Broader impacts. These analyses contribute to a greater understanding of the widespread "pithouse to pueblo transition" in the prehistoric Southwest. Student involvement in outreach will impact the many visitors to Salinas Pueblo Missions National Park, as well as the modern descendent pueblo communities. More generally, this research investigates how dispersed as well as aggregated communities can develop, foster, and sustain effective social ties among individuals and households, whether these communities take the form of modern dispersed ranching or cyber-communities, or (at the other extreme) highly nucleated settlements such as modern refugee camps or cities that are struggling to cope with continual population in-migration.