Doctoral Dissertation Research: Prehistoric Basalt Tool Production in Tutuila, American Samoa, and its Role in Prehistoric Exchange Networks in Fiji-West Polynesia

在威廉·s·艾尔斯博士的监督下，欧内斯特·温特霍夫将分析从美属萨摩亚图图伊拉岛石器采石场的考古发掘和采样中收集的数据。在现场和实验室项目中发现的证据有望回答有关早期石器使用的问题，这是2500多年前开始的萨摩亚文化适应的一个关键方面。在太平洋岛屿上，石雕是一种必不可少的工具，用于砍伐树木、清理土地、塑造独木舟、建造房屋和其他木工活动。图图伊拉岛是用来制造地壶的高质量玄武岩的来源，在太平洋中部周围的群岛（斐济、库克、汤加和托克劳），都发现了来自图图伊拉岛的地壶，这是史前交换网络的结果。萨摩亚的砂石采石场和制造地区的特点是有大量的废料、破碎的石块、锤石、梯田和磨石。温特霍夫对与工具生产有关的材料类型和数量的调查，为萨摩亚早期的技术、社会和政治体系提供了证据。总的来说，由于贸易和交流反映了其他文化实践，这项研究对理解人类社会做出了重大贡献。在太平洋岛屿上，研究人员已经确定了岛屿和群岛之间的联系，注意到在数百公里的开阔海洋上发生的社会互动。但是，记录这种相互作用对个别岛屿的影响的努力有限。需要在资源配置、产品标准化、制造专业化、生产集约化等重要变量上提供信息。了解岛内和岛内石源的变化如何影响这些网络内石质石的生产和分布，对于确定影响早期岛屿社会的社会和环境参数至关重要。此外，对岛屿内来源和生产变化的记录提供了进行更精细分析的可能性，并有助于更精确地查明远距离相互作用。温特霍夫的研究更广泛的影响包括为美属萨摩亚历史保护办公室（ASHPO）提供额外的考古遗址信息。这些数据将有助于ASHPO对土土兰文化资源的管理。此外，这项研究项目将继续俄勒冈大学人类学系和美属萨摩亚社区学院，特别是其萨摩亚和太平洋研究方案之间近二十年的富有成效的合作。SAMPAC的计划为来访的学者和当地学者提供了一个论坛，并提供了一个向岛上居民传播萨摩亚传统材料、仪式和信仰的地方。此外，将向各自的酋长及其社区提供一份关于所调查的每个地理区域的研究报告。对于科学界来说，从这项研究中收集的数据将发表在以区域为重点的同行评议期刊上，在国家和国际会议上发表，也将在作者的论文中提供。最后，本论文研究为来自萨摩亚和俄勒冈大学的本科生助理提供了考古领域和实验室分析方面的培训机会。

Under the supervision of Dr. William S. Ayres, Ernest Winterhoff will analyze data collected from archaeological excavations and sampling at stone tool quarry sites on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The evidence recovered in the field and laboratory project is expected to answer questions about early stone tool use, a key aspect of Samoan cultural adaptation beginning over 2500 years ago. On Pacific Islands, stone adzes were an essential tool utilized in felling trees, clearing land, shaping canoes, constructing homes, and other woodworking activities. Tutuila was a source of remarkably high quality basalt used to manufacture adzes, and adzes from there have been recovered throughout the surrounding archipelagoes in the Central Pacific (Fiji, Cooks, Tonga, and Tokelau), a result of prehistoric exchange networks. Samoan adze quarries and manufacture areas are characterized by huge quantities of waste material, broken performs, hammerstones, terraces, and grinding stones. Winterhoff's investigation of the type and quantities of materials associated with tool production provides evidence of Samoa's early technological, social and political systems. On a general level, because trade and exchange reflect other cultural practices, this research makes significant contributions to the understanding of human societies. In the Pacific Islands, researchers have identified linkages among islands and archipelagos, noting social interaction occurring over hundreds of kilometers of open ocean. However, efforts to document the impact of such interaction on individual islands has been limited. Information is needed on important variables like resource allocation, product standardization, manufacturing specialization, and production intensification. Understanding how inter- and intra-island variation in stone sources affected production and distribution of adzes within these networks is essential to identify the social and environmental parameters affecting early island societies. In addition, the documentation of intra-island source and production variation offers the potential for a finer scale of analysis and contributes to the more precise identification of long distance interaction. The broader impacts of Winterhoff's research include providing additional archaeological site information for use by the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office (ASHPO). These data will be helpful to ASHPO in managing Tutuilan cultural resources. Further, this research project will continue nearly two decades of productive collaboration between the University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, and the American Samoa Community College, especially its Samoan and Pacific Studies Program (SAMPAC). SAMPAC's programming provides a forum for visiting and local scholars and a place to disseminate traditional Samoan materials, ceremonies, and beliefs to the island's population. In addition, a research report for each geographical area investigated will be supplied to the respective chiefs and their communities. For the scientific community, data collected from this research will be published in regionally-focused peer-reviewed journals, presented at national and international conferences and will also be available in the author's dissertation. Finally, this dissertation research provides training opportunities in archaeological field and laboratory analyses for undergraduate assistants from Samoa and from the University of Oregon.