Using Fuel and Combustion Conditions to Alter the Nanostructure and Reactivity of Diesel Soot

奖项摘要提案编号：CTS-0553339主要研究者：Boehman，Andre L. 宾夕法尼亚州立大学大学公园 提案标题：从2007年开始，所有柴油汽车和卡车都将要求使用燃料和燃烧条件来改变柴油烟尘颗粒过滤器的纳米结构和反应性，以满足颗粒物排放标准。 实施颗粒过滤器的挑战在于它们必须周期性地烧掉收集的颗粒（称为过滤器的再生），使得发动机排气可以自由地流过过滤器。 否则，排气将被阻塞，发动机将失速或故障。拟议的研究重点是提高柴油机微粒捕集器的再生能力，以降低其在柴油车辆上实施的复杂性，并提高其在柴油车辆上使用的可靠性。 在建议的项目中，目标是降低启动柴油机微粒捕集器再生所需的排气温度。 这可以通过对柴油颗粒如何受燃烧条件和燃料配方影响的基本理解来实现（特别是使用大豆基生物柴油等燃料），以及颗粒的组成和结构的这些变化如何影响颗粒从过滤器上烧掉的容易程度，以及可以实现燃烧增强的机制。柴油机微粒的反应性将通过改变燃料的组成和通过改变引入柴油机的空气的组成和其它发动机控制参数来检查。 我们已经观察到，与来自合成柴油燃料燃烧的柴油烟灰相比，来自纯大豆油基生物柴油燃料燃烧的柴油烟灰的氧化反应性增加了5倍。 我们会抽取微粒样本，研究微粒的形态（包括原生黑烟粒子的纳米结构）、成分和反应性的变化，以评估对柴油机微粒的影响。 对PM的这些测试将使用传统的颗粒取样和各种化学和物理分析，以及使用更创新的技术，如热泳取样和随后的电子显微镜和单个颗粒的详细表征。 形态，成分和反应性分析的组合将显示如何颗粒反应性增强可以实现，它将提供颗粒反应性，氧化动力学和氧化机制的基础数据。 合作PI已经开发了技术和利用的分析工具，允许开发的动力学数据库的烟尘样品从广泛的燃烧条件和确定的反应机制，这些颗粒将遵循在DPF氧化过程中。 DPF再生方案的工程设计将受益于了解烟灰形态和反应性对催化颗粒过滤器的影响。 总体而言，拟议研究对国家的好处是，通过使低排放柴油车辆成为可能，运输部门（特别是轻型卡车和SUV）的效率将得到提高，同时最大限度地减少对空气质量的影响，从而减少运输部门的二氧化碳排放。 拟议活动的教育效益是通过将本研究的结果通过能源，燃烧和燃料科学的本科课程带入课堂，并通过NSF K-12教育计划向学生及其教师提供图尔斯。 此外，所提出的研究结果可以直接实施在宾夕法尼亚州的车辆进入挑战X的竞争。

Award AbstractProposal Number: CTS- 0553339Principal Investigator: Boehman, Andre L. Institution: Pennsylvania State University University Park Proposal Title: Using Fuel and Combustion Conditions to Alter the Nanostructure and Reactivity of Diesel Soot Particulate filters will be required on all diesel cars and trucks starting in the 2007 model year to meet the particulate matter emissions standard. A challenge with implementation of particulate filters is that they must periodically burn off the collected particles (referred to as regeneration of the filter) so that the engine exhaust can flow freely through the filter. Otherwise the exhaust will be blocked and the engine will stall or fail. The proposed research focuses on enhancing the regeneration of diesel particulate traps to reduce the complexity of their implementation on diesel vehicles and to increase the reliability of their use on diesel vehicles. In the proposed project, the objective is to reduce the exhaust temperature needed to initiate regeneration of a diesel particulate trap. This can be accomplished by developing a fundamental understanding of how diesel particulate is affected by combustion conditions and fuel formulation (especially with fuels such as soy-based biodiesel), and how these variations in the composition and structure of the particulate influence how easily the particulates can be burned off of the filter and the mechanisms by which the enhancement of burning can be accomplished.The means of enhancing the reactivity of the diesel particulates will be examined by varying the composition of the fuel and by altering the composition of the air that is inducted into the diesel engine and other engine control parameters. Already we have observed a 5 fold increase in oxidative reactivity for diesel soot derived from combustion of neat soybean oil-based biodiesel fuel compared with diesel soot derived from combustion of synthetic diesel fuel. The impact on the diesel particulates will be assessed by sampling the PM and examining the changes in morphology (including the nanostructure of the primary soot particles), composition of the PM and the reactivity of the PM. These tests on the PM will be performed using conventional particulate sampling and a variety of chemical and physical analyses, as well as using more innovative techniques such as thermophoretic sampling and subsequent electron microscopy and detailed characterization of the individual particles. The combination of morphological, composition and reactivity analyses will show how particulate reactivity enhancement may be achieved and it will provide fundamental data on particulate reactivity, oxidation kinetics and oxidation mechanisms. The co-PIs have developed techniques and harnessed analytical tools that permit the development of a kinetic database for soot samples from a wide range of combustion conditions and determination of the reaction mechanisms that these particles will follow during oxidation in a DPF. Engineering of DPF regeneration schemes will benefit from understanding the impact that soot morphology and reactivity will have on the catalyzed particulate filter. Overall, the benefits to the nation from the proposed research are that by making it possible to have low emissions diesel vehicles, the efficiency of the transportation sector (particularly for light trucks and SUVs) will be improved while minimizing the impact on air quality, thereby reducing CO2 emissions from the transportation sector. The educational benefits of the proposed activity are by bringing the results of this research into the classroom through undergraduate courses in energy, combustion and fuel science, and by tours provided to students and their teachers through an NSF K-12 Education program. Furthermore, the outcomes of the proposed research may be directly implemented in Penn States vehicle entry in the Challenge X competition.