Air showers in IceCube

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Air showers in IceCube: Analysis of data from IceCube and IceTop (ANT-0602679)Elementary particles reaching Earth from outer space are signals from energetic astrophysical sources such as exploding stars and massive black holes. The high-energy particles, called cosmic-rays, are accelerated by shock waves and other turbulent processes associated with the release of massive amounts of gravitational energy, which also lead to spectacular displays in visible light, X-rays, and other wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. The focus of this research is on analysis of data that will lead to a better understanding of the specific types of sources and mechanisms that are responsible for the highest energy cosmic particles.The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, now under construction at the National Science Foundation's Amundsen-Scott South-Pole Station, will use the clear, deep ice of the Antarctic glacier as a large target for detecting weakly interacting neutrinos, which are also expected from certain cosmic-ray sources, but which have so far not been found. The neutrino observatory, when complete, will consist of 4800 optical modules monitoring more than a cubic kilometer of ice for flashes of light characteristic of neutrino interactions. The primary signature for a neutrino in IceCube will be an upward-moving event from a neutrino that has penetrated the Earth. IceCube includes an array of detectors on the surface that serve as a partial veto for the down-going background of penetrating muons created by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere above IceCube. The surface array, called IceTop, will consist of 160 tanks of ice, each instrumented with two standard IceCube optical modules, to detect showers of secondary particles generated by interactions of high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere. The analysis supported by this grant will focus on cosmic-ray events detected in coincidence by both the surface array and the deep detectors. The ratio of deep signal to surface signal can be used to measure the relative fraction of heavy cosmic rays (e.g. nuclei of iron) to light cosmic rays (e.g. protons) in an energy region not accessible to direct observation with detectors carried above the atmosphere on balloons or spacecraft. In particular we will look for a characteristic signature of a transition from sources inside our Milky Way Galaxy to extra-Galactic sources at higher energy. We will also analyze data taken simultaneously by the Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment, looking for coincidences with IceTop as a way of extending our research to still higher energy. As of 2006, IceCube has 9 strings of 60 detectors each in the ice, and there are 32 IceTop tanks in operation. It is already the largest detector of its kind, and analysis will start as construction proceeds.During the course of this grant we will consolidate and improve our outreach efforts into a coherent program We will start by creating a web page about the science and techniques, with connections to the IceCube photo and video collection. Then we will formalize and extend our current program of occasional lectures for K-12 students and the public.