Collaborative Research: Exchange Network Transition: Uncertainty, Risk and Shifts in Mode of Transition

SES：-0617682PI：Karen S.CookInstitution：Stanford University SES-0623529PI：Coye CheshireInstitution：加州大学伯克利分校社会科学家积累了大量关于许多不同类型的社会交换系统的理论和数据，这些理论和数据正在不断增长。通过长期的社会交换实验证明，不同的交换形式产生不同的结果，在某种程度上是这些不同交换形式固有的风险和不确定性水平差异的函数。然而，很少或根本没有关于不同社会交换模式之间的过渡过程的研究。斯坦福大学和加州大学伯克利分校的这项合作实验研究，为在互惠交换和约束性或非约束性协商交换(这只是交换模式的可能类型之一)之间过渡(或转移)的社会交换系统开发了一套理论驱动的论点。这项研究使用了一套新的社会交换实验，对象是4-6个通过计算机网络互动的人。一些具体的假设包括：当交换形式从互惠交换外生转变为协商交换时，对合作伙伴的贡献增加；当交换形式从互惠交换向协商交换转变时，对给定合作伙伴在互惠交换中的可信度的评估增加；随着主体在前一种交换模式中的合作水平增加，(内在地)发起从互惠交换到协商交换的愿望降低。这项拟议的研究的更广泛影响包括直接解决快速变化的交换系统中的过程和结果的问题的能力，例如企业对企业交易(B2B)、基于互联网的交换以及其他形式的现实世界社会交换。此外，本研究进一步发展了社会交换过程的理论传统，提出了关于不同交换模式转换的影响的第一系列可检验假设，并考察了个体对交换伙伴的态度和归因是如何因这些转换而改变的。鉴于人们对B2B和基于互联网的交换的现实世界系统的兴趣与日俱增(这往往挑战关于交换过程、归属和结果的许多假设)，交换模式的转变研究的理论发展和现实世界应用的机会是巨大的。

SES:-0617682PI: Karen S. CookInstitution: Stanford UniversitySES-0623529PI: Coye CheshireInstitution: UC-BerkeleySocial scientists have accumulated a large and growing body of theory and data on many distinct types of social exchange systems. It has been demonstrated through a long history of social exchange experiments that different forms of exchange yield different outcomes, to some extent as a function of the differences that exist in levels of risk and uncertainty inherent in these different forms of exchange. There is, however, little or no research on the process of transitioning between different modes of social exchange. This collaborative experimental research between Stanford University and UC-Berkeley, develops a set of theoretically driven arguments for social exchange systems that transition (or shift) between reciprocal exchange and binding or non-binding negotiated exchange (which is only one of the possible types of transition in modes of exchange). This study uses a new set of social exchange experiments with 4-6 person groups who interact across a computer-mediated network. Some of the specific hypotheses include: an increase in contributions to partners when the form of the exchange shifts exogenously from reciprocal to negotiated exchange, an increase in assessments of a given partner's trustworthiness in reciprocal exchange when it precedes negotiated exchange, and the decreased desire to initiate (endogenously) a shift from reciprocal to negotiated exchange as subjects experience increased levels of cooperation in the former mode of exchange.The broader impact of this proposed research includes the capacity to directly address questions about processes and outcomes in rapidly changing systems of exchange such as business-to-business transactions (B2B), Internet-based exchanges, and other forms of real-world social exchange. Furthermore, this research advances the theoretical tradition of social exchange processes by developing the first series of testable hypotheses concerning the effects of shifts between different modes of exchange and examining how individual attitudes and attributions about exchange partners change as a result of these transitions. Given increased interest in real-world systems of B2B and Internet-based exchange (which often challenge many assumptions about exchange processes, attributions, and outcomes), the opportunities for theoretical development and real-world applications of the study of transitions in modes of exchange are substantial.