Puruchuco-Huaquerones Bioarchaeological Project: Paleodemography and Health of the Inca and Contact Period Burials

Puruchuco-Huaquerones 生物考古项目：印加古人口学和健康状况以及接触时期墓葬

• 批准号: 0618192
• 负责人: Melissa Murphy
• 金额: $ 2.22万
• 依托单位: Bryn Mawr College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-07-15 至 2008-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0618192&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Puruchuco; Huaquerones; Bioarchaeological; Project; Paleodemography

Published ethnohistorical accounts of the Spanish conquest (A.D. 1532) in Andean South America depict sociopolitical upheaval and rupture, the transmission of previously unknown diseases and demographic collapse, and warfare and indigenous rebellion. To date, these descriptions represent the only record of the Spanish conquest and its impact on the lives of indigenous populations for this region. This project will examine a large sample of human skeletal remains and mummies from the Inca cemetery of Puruchuco-Huaquerones in Peru (A.D. 1450-1570) to investigate the biocultural impact of Spanish conquest from the perspective of the actual individuals who experienced it by studying health, disease, and diet of these people. Pilot research conducted in 2004 resulted in the discovery of high frequencies of violent injuries, some of which were likely inflicted by Spanish weaponry, as well as a shift in burial practices, both of which may reflect warfare and the initial cultural upheaval accompanying Spanish conquest. It is hypothesized that if the community interred in the cemetery of Puruchuco-Huaquerones suffered from epidemic diseases, then it is expected that individuals from all age categories, but especially more individuals in the prime of their lives, will constitute the sample. If the community did not experience epidemic diseases associated with Spanish conquest, then the age-at-death profiles will be comprised of individuals in the very young and very old age categories, characteristics that are typical of cemeteries with normal rates of attrition. The sample from Puruchuco-Huaquerones represents an ideal sample for the investigation of health, disease, and diet due to its large sample size (N=1,713 burials), representativeness (all age categories), its short time frame ( 120 years), and the exceptional preservation and completeness of the human remains. This research can contribute significantly across different academic disciplines, including but not limited to biological anthropology, archaeology, ethnohistory, historical demography, epidemiology, demography, and medicine. Its intellectual merit is apparent on several different levels. If either hypothesis is supported by the results, then the presentation of new data from the Andean region will illuminate the ethnohistorical record about the biocultural impact of European contact. In addition, it will provide new information on the population structure and longevity of individuals living prior to and after the arrival of the Spanish within a short time frame. New evidence from the mortuary contexts may detail the cultural disruption caused by the Spanish conquest and the degradation of traditional Inca mortuary behavior. The senior project personnel will train Peruvian and American students, which should advance more standardized research and alert future scholars to some of the challenges of research in biological anthropology, both in Peru, as well as in the field overall. The inclusion of undergraduate students from Bryn Mawr College (an all women's liberal arts college) will promote original undergraduate research and education in biological anthropology and contribute to a scientific foundation for the pursuit of careers in anthropology, biology, and medicine. Finally, this research enhances current international collaborations between Peruvian archaeologists, ethnohistorians and biological anthropologists with scholars from the United States.

关于西班牙征服（公元1532年）南美洲安第斯山脉的已出版的民族史学描述了社会政治动荡和破裂，以前未知的疾病传播和人口崩溃，以及战争和土著叛乱。 迄今为止，这些描述是西班牙征服及其对该地区土著居民生活影响的唯一记录。本项目将对来自秘鲁普鲁丘科-瓦克罗内斯的印加墓地（公元1450-1570年）的大量人类骨骼遗骸和木乃伊进行研究，通过研究这些人的健康、疾病和饮食，从经历过西班牙征服的实际个人的角度调查西班牙征服对生物文化的影响。2004年进行的试点研究发现了高频率的暴力伤害，其中一些可能是由西班牙武器造成的，以及埋葬习俗的转变，这两者都可能反映了战争和伴随西班牙征服的最初文化动荡。据推测，如果埋葬在Puruchuco-Huaquerones墓地的社区患有流行病，那么预计所有年龄组的个人，特别是更多的正值壮年的个人，将构成样本。如果社区没有经历与西班牙征服相关的流行病，那么死亡年龄分布将由非常年轻和非常年老的年龄类别的个体组成，这些特征是具有正常消耗率的墓地的典型特征。Puruchuco-Huaquerones的样本代表了健康，疾病和饮食调查的理想样本，因为它的样本量大（N= 1，713埋葬），代表性（所有年龄组），时间短（120年），以及人类遗骸的特殊保存和完整性。这项研究可以在不同的学科，包括但不限于生物人类学，考古学，民族史，历史人口学，流行病学，人口学和医学显着贡献。它的知识价值在几个不同的层面上是显而易见的。 如果这两种假设都得到了结果的支持，那么来自安第斯地区的新数据的介绍将阐明关于欧洲接触的生物文化影响的民族历史记录。 此外，它还将提供新的资料，说明在西班牙人抵达之前和之后生活的个人的人口结构和寿命。来自丧葬环境的新证据可能会详细说明西班牙征服造成的文化破坏和传统印加丧葬行为的退化。高级项目人员将培训秘鲁和美国的学生，这将促进更标准化的研究，并提醒未来的学者注意生物人类学研究在秘鲁以及整个领域的一些挑战。布林莫尔学院（一所全女子文理学院）的本科生的加入将促进生物人类学的原创本科研究和教育，并为人类学，生物学和医学的职业生涯奠定科学基础。最后，这项研究加强了秘鲁考古学家，民族历史学家和生物人类学家与美国学者之间的国际合作。