Collaborative Research: Near-surface Controls of Air-Sea CO2 Exchange: A Contribution to the UK-SOLAS "Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment"

0623247通过空气-水界面的气体通量率的量化问题是海洋学的核心问题之一，在温室气体和海洋-大气平衡的背景下是至关重要的。大气和海洋之间二氧化碳通量的巨大不确定性使我们无法确定海洋和陆地生物圈之间人为二氧化碳汇的分配情况。这种不确定性也限制了实际模拟未来大气二氧化碳水平的能力。国际表面海洋-低层大气研究（SOLAS）科学计划和实施战略强调了提高对气体交换理解的必要性。SOLAS计划的既定目标之一是发展对空气-海洋质量、动量和能量交换过程的定量认识，以便准确计算区域和全球气体和气溶胶通量。这就需要确定这些界面转移机制对大气和海洋边界层内的物理、生物和化学因素的依赖性。本项目的研究人员将参加最近资助的英国solas“深海气体交换实验”，DOGEE。作为实地试验的一部分，将在北大西洋近距离释放两块经过精心设计的双示踪剂。其中一种将用表面活性剂“标记”，以模拟表面有机油在改变气体传递中的作用。英国资助的基于船只的努力将通过对海气界面的高分辨率拉格朗日测量得到加强。具体来说，将部署两个海气相互作用Spar （ASIS）浮标，每个斑块一个，用于测量直接通量以及控制表面物理过程（风速，风应力，稳定性，表面波，上层海洋湍流和混合，以及控制混合层二氧化碳动力学的关键参数）。此外，将部署一个新开发的海气相互作用分析器，以提供近地表的热和切变测量。通过这些测量，将更好地了解与表面活性剂效应和大风过程相关的气体传递过程。更广泛的影响：目前缺乏对海气传输速率的充分参数化，直接导致我们无法确定地预测大气中二氧化碳和其他与气候有关的化合物的未来浓度。该项目将提高全球海洋二氧化碳通量估算的准确性，并增加我们对其变化原因的了解。另一个更广泛的影响是，该提案在美国（RSMAS/U）的研究机构之间建立了国际合作。蒙大拿/ODU)和英国。拟议的测量采用最先进的仪器，这将加强DOGEE实验。有机会参加这一实验，并获得用于后续分析的数据，将提供一个独特的数据集，从而增加我们对海气二氧化碳交换在影响气候方面的作用的了解。该项目将包括学生作为本科生和研究生的研究助理。迈阿密大学是一所西班牙裔服务机构，因此促进了科学和工程领域代表性不足的群体的参与。这些数据将通过万维网通过几个数据库提供。该项目将有助于通过RSMAS院长办公室协调的积极的外联活动。该项目是对国际SOLAS计划的贡献。

0623247The problem of quantifying the rate of gas flux across the air-water interface is one of the central questions of oceanography and is critical in the context of greenhouse gases and ocean-atmosphere budgets. The large uncertainty surrounding the flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and ocean prevent us from determining the partitioning of the sink of anthropogenic CO2 between the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere. This uncertainty also limits the ability to realistically model future atmospheric CO2 levels. The International SOLAS (Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study) science plan and implementation strategy highlights the need for an improved understanding of gas exchange. One of the stated goal of the SOLAS program to develop quantitative understanding of processes responsible for air-sea exchange of mass, momentum and energy to permit accurate calculation of regional and global gas and aerosol fluxes. This requires establishing the dependence of these interfacial transfer mechanisms on physical, biological and chemical factors within the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. The investigator in this project will participate in the recently funded UK-SOLAS "Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment", DOGEE. As part of this field experiment, two deliberate dual tracer patches will be released in close proximity to each other in the North Atlantic. One will be "labeled" with a surfactant in order to mimic the role of surface organic slicks in modifying gas transfer. The funded UK ship-based efforts will be enhanced with high resolution Lagrangian measurements of the air-sea interface. Specifically two Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys, one in each patch, will be deployed to measure direct fluxes along with controlling surface physical processes (wind speed, wind stress, stability, surface waves, upper ocean turbulence and mixing, and key parameters governing mixed layer CO2 dynamics). In addition, a newly developed Air-Sea Interaction Profiler will be deployed to provide thermal and shear measurements in the very near surface. With these measurements, gas transfer process related specifically to surfactant effects, and to high wind processes will be better understood.Broader impacts: The current lack of an adequate parameterization of air-sea gas transfer rates contributes directly to our inability to predict with certainty future concentrations of CO2 and other climate relevant compounds in the atmosphere. This project will improve the accuracy of the global ocean carbon dioxide flux estimates and increase our understanding of the causes of its variability. Another broader impact is that this proposal establishes an international collaboration between research institutes in the US (RSMAS/U. Montana/ODU) and the UK. The proposed measurements employ state-of-the-art instrumentation, which will enhance the DOGEE experiment. The opportunity to participate in this experiment, and access to the data for subsequent analysis will provide for a unique dataset with which to increase our understanding of the role of air-sea CO2 exchange in influencing climate. The project will involve students as undergraduate and post-graduate research assistants. The University of Miami is a Hispanic Serving Institution and thereby fosters the participation of under-represented groups in science and engineering. The data will be made available through several data bases via WWW. The project will contribute to the active outreach activities coordinated through the RSMAS Dean's Office.This project is a contribution to the international SOLAS program.