Collaborative Research: Near-surface Controls of Air-Sea CO2 Exchange: A Contribution to the UK-SOLAS "Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment"

空气-水界面气体通量速率的量化问题是海洋学的中心问题之一，在温室气体和海洋-大气收支方面至关重要。大气和海洋之间二氧化碳(CO2)通量的巨大不确定性使我们无法确定人为二氧化碳汇在海洋和陆地生物圈之间的分配。这种不确定性也限制了对未来大气二氧化碳水平进行现实建模的能力。国际表面海洋-低层大气研究(SOLAS)科学计划和实施战略强调需要更好地了解气体交换。SOLAS计划的既定目标之一是发展对负责海气质量、动量和能量交换的过程的量化理解，以便能够准确计算区域和全球气体和气溶胶通量。这需要确定这些界面传输机制对大气和海洋边界层内的物理、生物和化学因素的依赖性。该项目的研究人员将参与最近资助的英国-SOLAS“深海气体交换实验”DOGEE。作为这项实地实验的一部分，两个刻意设计的双示踪剂斑块将在北大西洋彼此非常接近的地方释放。其中一种将被表面活性物质“标记”，以模拟表面有机浮油在改变气体传输中的作用。英国资助的船基工作将通过海-气界面的高分辨率拉格朗日测量得到加强。具体地说，将部署两个海气相互作用Spar(ASIS)浮标，每个浮标一个，以测量直接通量以及控制地面物理过程(风速、风应力、稳定性、表面波、上层海洋湍流和混合，以及控制混合层二氧化碳动力学的关键参数)。此外，将部署一个新开发的海-气相互作用剖面仪，以提供非常近地表的温度和切变测量。通过这些测量，将更好地理解与表面活性物质效应和大风过程有关的气体传输过程。广泛的影响：目前缺乏足够的海-气气体传输速率的参数化，直接导致我们无法确定地预测未来大气中二氧化碳和其他与气候相关的化合物的浓度。该项目将提高全球海洋二氧化碳通量估计的准确性，并加深我们对其变异性原因的理解。另一个更广泛的影响是，这项提议在美国(RSMAS/U、蒙大拿/ODU)和英国的研究机构之间建立了国际合作。拟议的测量使用了最先进的仪器，这将加强DOGEE实验。有机会参与这项实验，并获得数据以进行后续分析，将提供一个独特的数据集，用来增加我们对海-气二氧化碳交换在影响气候方面的作用的理解。该项目将邀请学生担任本科生和研究生的研究助理。迈阿密大学是一所西班牙裔服务机构，因此促进了代表不足的群体参与科学和工程。这些数据将通过WWW通过几个数据库提供。该项目将有助于通过RSMAS院长办公室协调的积极外展活动。该项目是对国际SOLAS计划的贡献。

0623247The problem of quantifying the rate of gas flux across the air-water interface is one of the central questions of oceanography and is critical in the context of greenhouse gases and ocean-atmosphere budgets. The large uncertainty surrounding the flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and ocean prevent us from determining the partitioning of the sink of anthropogenic CO2 between the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere. This uncertainty also limits the ability to realistically model future atmospheric CO2 levels. The International SOLAS (Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study) science plan and implementation strategy highlights the need for an improved understanding of gas exchange. One of the stated goal of the SOLAS program to develop quantitative understanding of processes responsible for air-sea exchange of mass, momentum and energy to permit accurate calculation of regional and global gas and aerosol fluxes. This requires establishing the dependence of these interfacial transfer mechanisms on physical, biological and chemical factors within the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. The investigator in this project will participate in the recently funded UK-SOLAS "Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment", DOGEE. As part of this field experiment, two deliberate dual tracer patches will be released in close proximity to each other in the North Atlantic. One will be "labeled" with a surfactant in order to mimic the role of surface organic slicks in modifying gas transfer. The funded UK ship-based efforts will be enhanced with high resolution Lagrangian measurements of the air-sea interface. Specifically two Air-Sea Interaction Spar (ASIS) buoys, one in each patch, will be deployed to measure direct fluxes along with controlling surface physical processes (wind speed, wind stress, stability, surface waves, upper ocean turbulence and mixing, and key parameters governing mixed layer CO2 dynamics). In addition, a newly developed Air-Sea Interaction Profiler will be deployed to provide thermal and shear measurements in the very near surface. With these measurements, gas transfer process related specifically to surfactant effects, and to high wind processes will be better understood.Broader impacts: The current lack of an adequate parameterization of air-sea gas transfer rates contributes directly to our inability to predict with certainty future concentrations of CO2 and other climate relevant compounds in the atmosphere. This project will improve the accuracy of the global ocean carbon dioxide flux estimates and increase our understanding of the causes of its variability. Another broader impact is that this proposal establishes an international collaboration between research institutes in the US (RSMAS/U. Montana/ODU) and the UK. The proposed measurements employ state-of-the-art instrumentation, which will enhance the DOGEE experiment. The opportunity to participate in this experiment, and access to the data for subsequent analysis will provide for a unique dataset with which to increase our understanding of the role of air-sea CO2 exchange in influencing climate. The project will involve students as undergraduate and post-graduate research assistants. The University of Miami is a Hispanic Serving Institution and thereby fosters the participation of under-represented groups in science and engineering. The data will be made available through several data bases via WWW. The project will contribute to the active outreach activities coordinated through the RSMAS Dean's Office.This project is a contribution to the international SOLAS program.