A Bioarchaeological Test of Warfare Causation Models in the Santa Barbara Channel Area, California: A Question of Chronology

帕特里夏·兰伯特将完成一项为期多年的历时性研究，研究加州南部沿海地区圣巴巴拉海峡地区史前狩猎采集社会中暴力和战争的原因。这笔资金将使兰伯特博士获得足够的时间分辨率的广泛采用的年表，允许测试的假设，气候引起的资源压力是一个重要的战争原因在这一地区史前。这项研究还将检验一个假设，即欧洲人的接触改变了该地区狩猎采集者之间的战争模式，要么助长要么压制了这种做法。与西方民族国家的接触经常被认为是世界许多地区战争的重要原因，这表明这些社会在发生此类接触之前是和平的。人类骨骼遗骸来自圣巴巴拉海峡地区的研究重点，并提供了一个相对连续的，7500年的人类健康和暴力行为的记录。这些遗骸记录了一段可以追溯到数千年前的暴力历史，但在这段时间序列的后半部分，即所谓的中晚期，达到了顶峰。这一时期构成了公元400-1380年之间约800年的时间段。健康指标显示，在这段时间内，健康状况下降最大，并提供证据表明，在史前时期，该地区的伤害性暴力行为和健康压力同时发生。气候方面的树木年轮数据进一步表明，这一时期有两个时段（公元650-800年和公元1100-1300年）发生了严重和持续的干旱。这种明显的相关性表明，环境扰动对当地的食物和水资源产生了负面影响，并支持战争因果关系的资源压力模型。不幸的是，虽然陆地气候数据是按日历年校准的，但圣巴巴拉海峡地区用于确定该地区大部分墓葬日期的年表是基于与墓葬相关的珠子和装饰品的序列，而这些珠子和装饰品与日历年的关系非常松散。因此，很难将健康和行为模式的变化与气候扰动和其他事件（如欧洲接触）联系起来。该项目旨在通过放射性碳测年计划解决这些和其他测年问题，该计划将校准年表，从而促进对推动这项研究的战争因果关系模型的测试。 这项研究将校准圣巴巴拉海峡地区考古研究核心的年表。该项目获得的放射性碳年代将通过圣巴巴拉自然历史博物馆的档案、加州放射性碳数据库（免费在线资源，为学者和公众服务）以及与Kluwer学术出版社签订的合同出版一卷提供给在该地区工作的研究人员。通过这些方式，该项目将大大有助于美国考古学重要地区的科学研究基础设施。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Patricia Lambert will complete a multi-year, diachronic study of the causes of violence and war in prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies of the Santa Barbara Channel Area of coastal southern California. This funding will permit Dr. Lambert to obtain sufficient temporal resolution of a widely employed chronology to permit testing of the hypothesis that climate-induced resource stress was an important cause of war in this region prehistorically. This research will also test the hypothesis that European contact changed patterns of warfare among the hunter-gatherers of this region, either fueling or suppressing its practice. Contact with Western nation-states has often been invoked as an important cause of war in many world regions, suggesting that these societies were peaceful before such contacts occurred. Human skeletal remains from the Santa Barbara Channel area the focal point of the research, and provide a relatively continuous, 7500-year record of human health and violent behavior. These remains document a history of violence that extends back thousands of years, but peaks during the latter part of this temporal sequence in what is known as the Late Middle period. This period constitutes an ~800 year time block dating between A.D. 400-1380. Health indicators show greatest health declines during this time period and provide evidence that injurious violent behavior and health stress coincided in this region prehistorically. Tree ring data on climate further indicate that severe and sustained droughts characterized two blocks of time within this period (A.D. 650-800 and A.D. 1100-1300). This apparent correlation suggests that environmental perturbations negatively impacted local food and water resources, and lend support to the resource stress model of warfare causation. Unfortunately, whereas the terrestrial climate data are calibrated to calendar years, the Santa Barbara Channel area chronology used to date most of the burials from the region is based on a seriation of burial-associated beads and ornaments only very loosely tied to calendar years. Therefore, it is difficult to link changing patterns of health and behavior with climatic perturbations and other events such as European contact. This project is designed to resolve these and other dating issues through a program of radiocarbon dating that will calibrate the chronology and thereby facilitate testing of the warfare causation models that drive this research. The study will calibrate a chronology at the heart of archaeological research in the Santa Barbara Channel area. The radiocarbon dates obtained for this project will be made available to researchers working in the region through the archives of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, the California Radiocarbon Database ( free online resource serving scholars and the general public), and the publication of a volume under contract to Kluwer Academic Publishers. In these ways, this project will contribute substantially to the infrastructure of scientific research in an archaeologically important region of the United States.