IPY: Collaborative Research: Aerial Hydrographic Surveys for IPY and Beyond: Tracking Change and Understanding Seasonal Variability

每年春季，将在两个区域对北冰洋进行大规模空中调查：北冰洋中部（年度调查）和博福特海南部（奇数年调查）。这些调查将对北冰洋的两个主要环流特征进行采样，即跨极地漂流和博福特环流。在国际极地年期间，每个地点的观测站总数最多将达到约25个，国际极地年之后，作为长期北极观测网络的一部分，观测站总数将减少到较低水平。拟议的调查有两个主要目标：（a）通过在锋面特征上截取海冰和海洋剖面，观察北冰洋的变化;（B）增进对海冰-上层海洋系统季节变化的了解，以绘制冰的生长和融化图，减少在比较过去和未来水文记录时的季节偏差。可能的扩展。IPY之后，将每年进行一次成对的部分。在博福特海，这项工作将包括两个延伸到78 N和两个近带状部分，将预先采样夏季破冰船巡航轨道。IPY之后，部分章节将在奇数年完成。为了解决季节性变化，将选择测站位置，以提供冬末与冰系平台（ITP）和破冰船进行的夏末测量结果的比较。在每个观测站，将使用经过验证的方法收集各种海洋物理和化学数据，包括温度、盐度和溶解氧。一个新的硝酸盐传感系统将扩大高分辨率化学剖面。将采集示踪剂瓶样，如溶解氧、钡、磷酸盐、硅酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵、碱度和氧同位素。在与美国和欧洲海冰科学家的合作下，将使用遥感技术沿沿着和在空间站现场采集雪和海冰厚度数据。在与美国、欧洲和加拿大科学家的合作下，我们将把我们的剖面数据从北极中部扩展到海岸线。与来自ITP的信息一起，该项目将提供自20世纪70年代苏联航空调查计划以来最全面的春季北冰洋海冰-海洋状况的天气视图。AON的这一拟议组成部分将有效地跟踪北冰洋的变化，并与相应的夏季测量，将提供季节性覆盖，以测试系统模型及其捕捉系统变化的能力。我们将通过培训两名研究生，帮助确保美国承担并保持在此类科学努力前沿的能力的连续性，从而直接吸引下一代极地科学家。公众将通过一系列活动参与极地发现，包括公开讲座，与媒体沟通，进行K-12演示，参加地球天空NPR广播节目提议的IPY极地英雄项目的顾问委员会，作为旧金山弗朗西斯科探索馆提议的IPY项目的科学顾问，&参与MacGillivray Freeman Films的"Polar Quest" IMAX电影的科学顾问团队，并为一年一度的西雅图太平洋科学中心极地科学周末做出贡献。

Annual springtime, large-scale airborne surveys of the Arctic Ocean will be conducted in two regions: the central Arctic Ocean (annual surveys), and the southern Beaufort Sea (odd-year surveys). The surveys will sample the two main circulation features of the Arctic Ocean, the Transpolar Drift Stream and the Beaufort Gyre. The total number of stations will reach a maximum of about 25 at each location during IPY, decreasing to a lower level after IPY as part of a long-term Arctic Observing Network (AON). The proposed surveys have two main goals: (a) observe Arctic Ocean change by taking sea ice and ocean sections across frontal features, and (b) advance understanding of seasonal variability in the sea ice - upper ocean system to map the growth and melt of ice and to reduce seasonal bias in comparisons of past and future hydrographic records.Five meridional sections will be done during IPY from the North Pole south to 85N, with possible extensions. Pairs of sections will be done annually after IPY. In the Beaufort Sea, the work will include two meridional sections extending to 78N and two nearly zonal sections that will pre-sample summertime icebreaker cruise tracks. After IPY, subset of sections will be done in in odd-numbered years. To resolve seasonal change, station locations will be chosen to provide end-of-winter comparisons with end-of-summer measurements made by Ice Tethered Platforms (ITPs) and icebreakers. At each station a variety of physical and chemical ocean data, including temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen will be collected using proven methods. A new nitrate sensing system will expand the high-resolution chemical profiling. Bottle samples of tracers such as dissolved oxygen, barium, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium,alkalinity, and oxygen isotopes will be taken. In collaboration with US and European sea ice scientists, snow and sea ice thickness data will be acquired both along our flight tracks using remote sensing and in situ while on station. In collaboration with US, European, and Canadian scientists, we will extend our section data from the central Arctic toward the coastlines.Together with information from ITPs, this project will give the most comprehensive, synoptic view of springtime, Arctic Ocean sea ice - ocean conditions since the Soviet airborne survey programs in the 1970s. This proposed component of the AON will effectively track Arctic Ocean change, and, with corresponding summer measurements, will provide seasonal coverage with which to test system models and their ability to capture system variability. We will help to ensure continuity in the US capability to undertake and remain at the forefront of such science efforts by training two graduate students and so directly engage the next generation of polar scientists. The public will be engaged in polar discovery through a range of activities including, giving public lectures, communicating with the press, giving K-12 presentations, being on the Advisory Board for the Earth & Sky NPR radio program's proposed IPY Polar Heroes project, being a science advisor for the San Francisco Exploratorium proposed IPY project, being on theScience Advisory Team of MacGillivray Freeman Films' proposed IPY "Polar Quest" IMAX movie, and contributing to the annual Seattle Pacific Science Center-Polar Science Weekend.