IPY: Collaborative Research: Aerial Hydrographic Surveys for IPY and Beyond: Tracking Change and Understanding Seasonal Variability

每年春季，对北冰洋的大规模航空调查将在两个区域进行：北冰洋中部（年度调查）和波弗特海南部（奇数年调查）。这次调查将对北冰洋的两个主要环流特征——跨极流和波弗特环流——进行取样。在国际极地年期间，每个地点的台站总数将达到25个左右的最大值，在国际极地年之后，作为长期北极观测网（AON）的一部分，台站总数将减少到更低的水平。拟议的调查有两个主要目标：(a)通过在锋面特征上拍摄海冰和海洋剖面来观察北冰洋的变化；(b)推进对海冰-海洋上层系统的季节变化的理解，绘制冰的生长和融化图，并减少过去和未来水文记录比较中的季节偏差。在国际极地年期间，将从北极南至北纬85度进行5次子午切面，并可能延伸。每年IPY后将进行成对的部分。在波弗特海，这项工作将包括两个延伸至北纬78度的经向部分和两个近纬向部分，将对夏季破冰船的巡航轨迹进行预采样。在IPY之后，部分的子集将在奇数年完成。为了解决季节变化，将选择站点位置，将冬末与夏末由冰系绳平台（ITPs）和破冰船进行的测量结果进行比较。在每个站点，将使用经过验证的方法收集各种海洋物理和化学数据，包括温度、盐度和溶解氧。一种新的硝酸盐传感系统将扩展高分辨率化学分析。瓶样示踪剂，如溶解氧，钡，磷酸盐，硅酸盐，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐，铵，碱度和氧同位素将被采取。在与美国和欧洲海冰科学家的合作下，我们将利用遥感技术沿着飞行轨迹获取积雪和海冰厚度数据，并在站内就地获取数据。在与美国、欧洲和加拿大科学家的合作下，我们将把我们的剖面数据从北极中部扩展到海岸线。与来自ITPs的信息一起，该项目将提供自20世纪70年代苏联航空调查计划以来最全面、最全面的春季北冰洋海冰-海洋状况。AON的这一拟议组成部分将有效地跟踪北冰洋的变化，并通过相应的夏季测量，将提供季节性覆盖范围，以测试系统模型及其捕获系统变率的能力。我们将通过培训两名研究生，从而直接与下一代极地科学家接触，帮助确保美国承担并保持在此类科学努力前沿的能力的连续性。公众将通过一系列活动参与极地探索，包括公开演讲，与媒体交流，进行K-12演讲，成为地球和天空NPR广播节目拟议的极地英雄项目的顾问委员会成员，成为旧金山探索馆拟议的极地英雄项目的科学顾问，成为MacGillivray Freeman电影公司拟议的极地探索IMAX电影的科学顾问小组成员，并为一年一度的西雅图太平洋科学中心极地科学周末做出贡献。

Annual springtime, large-scale airborne surveys of the Arctic Ocean will be conducted in two regions: the central Arctic Ocean (annual surveys), and the southern Beaufort Sea (odd-year surveys). The surveys will sample the two main circulation features of the Arctic Ocean, the Transpolar Drift Stream and the Beaufort Gyre. The total number of stations will reach a maximum of about 25 at each location during IPY, decreasing to a lower level after IPY as part of a long-term Arctic Observing Network (AON). The proposed surveys have two main goals: (a) observe Arctic Ocean change by taking sea ice and ocean sections across frontal features, and (b) advance understanding of seasonal variability in the sea ice - upper ocean system to map the growth and melt of ice and to reduce seasonal bias in comparisons of past and future hydrographic records.Five meridional sections will be done during IPY from the North Pole south to 85N, with possible extensions. Pairs of sections will be done annually after IPY. In the Beaufort Sea, the work will include two meridional sections extending to 78N and two nearly zonal sections that will pre-sample summertime icebreaker cruise tracks. After IPY, subset of sections will be done in in odd-numbered years. To resolve seasonal change, station locations will be chosen to provide end-of-winter comparisons with end-of-summer measurements made by Ice Tethered Platforms (ITPs) and icebreakers. At each station a variety of physical and chemical ocean data, including temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen will be collected using proven methods. A new nitrate sensing system will expand the high-resolution chemical profiling. Bottle samples of tracers such as dissolved oxygen, barium, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium,alkalinity, and oxygen isotopes will be taken. In collaboration with US and European sea ice scientists, snow and sea ice thickness data will be acquired both along our flight tracks using remote sensing and in situ while on station. In collaboration with US, European, and Canadian scientists, we will extend our section data from the central Arctic toward the coastlines.Together with information from ITPs, this project will give the most comprehensive, synoptic view of springtime, Arctic Ocean sea ice - ocean conditions since the Soviet airborne survey programs in the 1970s. This proposed component of the AON will effectively track Arctic Ocean change, and, with corresponding summer measurements, will provide seasonal coverage with which to test system models and their ability to capture system variability. We will help to ensure continuity in the US capability to undertake and remain at the forefront of such science efforts by training two graduate students and so directly engage the next generation of polar scientists. The public will be engaged in polar discovery through a range of activities including, giving public lectures, communicating with the press, giving K-12 presentations, being on the Advisory Board for the Earth & Sky NPR radio program's proposed IPY Polar Heroes project, being a science advisor for the San Francisco Exploratorium proposed IPY project, being on theScience Advisory Team of MacGillivray Freeman Films' proposed IPY "Polar Quest" IMAX movie, and contributing to the annual Seattle Pacific Science Center-Polar Science Weekend.