Imperial Marginality and Frontier: Kallawayas and Chunchos in the Eastern Inka Borders

帝国边境作为文化接触的纽带，是多方面社会经济进程的焦点，这些进程的方向和强度各不相同。在国家科学基金会的资助下，Sonia Alconini博士和美国及玻利维亚的研究人员将在位于的的喀喀盆地东北部的Charazani地区（今天玻利维亚北方拉巴斯的一部分）进行研究。这个地区位于安第斯山脉和亚马逊河的交汇处，是印加帝国东部边境的一部分，面对着东部的热带人口。作为前哥伦布时代最大的帝国，印加帝国涵盖了各种种族和环境（公元1470年至1532年）。然而，很少有研究涉及印加边境的动态，它对边境地区当地人口的影响，或者与其他地方的古代帝国边境的相似之处。因此，拟议的项目将提供一个比较案例，以了解东南Inka帝国边境的配置，边境对当地人口的社会经济影响，以及当地对这种情况的反应。 更具体地说，研究目标是解决（1）在研究区域的印加帝国扩张的限制，（2）在当地定居模式的变化，（3）印加设施的功能，（4）通过土地利用战略在当地的政治经济的转变。为了解决这些问题，本研究的目的是进行区域规模的行人调查，系统的表面收集的文化遗迹，保存的建筑测绘，并选择测试坑挖掘。这些信息，结合民族史研究，将阐明在解决模式和当地政治经济的变化之前和之后的Inka，因此，Inka帝国在Charazani边疆地区的影响。这个项目的智力价值是增加对古代边疆的了解，并提供一个案例研究来测试帝国边疆形成的竞争模型。直接的贡献包括制定一个基于地层学的陶瓷序列的Charazani地区迄今未知;重建区域文化动态，并记录印加和当地建筑的空间分布。该项目的影响将是巨大的。通过与玻利维亚的研究、政府和教育机构的伙伴关系和长期关系，这项调查将为一个多学科和多国项目奠定基础。此外，它将为来自美国和玻利维亚的考古学本科生和研究生提供个人研究的基础。研究成果将通过在美国和拉丁美洲举行的电子媒体、会议和研讨会，包括英文和西班牙文出版物，在专业和更广泛的受众中传播。

Imperial frontiers, as the nexus of cultural contact, were the foci of multifaceted socioeconomic processes varying in direction and intensity. Funded by the National Science Foundation, Dr. Sonia Alconini and U.S. and Bolivian investigators will conduct research in the region of Charazani (part of what is today northern La Paz, Bolivia), located to the Northeast of the Titicaca basin. This region, in the intersection of Andes and Amazon, was part of the eastern Inka imperial frontier facing eastern tropical populations. As the largest empires in the pre-Columbian world, the Inka encompassed a variety of ethnicities and environments (A.D. 1470-1532). Yet, few studies addressed the dynamics of the Inka frontier, its effects on local populations across the borders, or the similarities with other ancient imperial frontiers elsewhere. Therefore, the proposed project will provide a comparative case to understand the configuration the Southeastern Inka imperial border, the frontier socioeconomic effects on local populations, and the local reactions to such situations. More specifically, the research goals are to address (1) the limits of the Inka imperial expansion in the study region, (2) the changes in the local settlement patterns, (3) the functions of the Inka installations, and (4) the shifts in the local political economy through land use strategies. In order to address such questions, this research is designed to conduct a regional-scale pedestrian survey, systematic surface collections of cultural remains, mapping of preserved architecture, and selected test pit excavations. This information, combined with ethnohistorical research, will elucidate the changes in the settlement patterns and local political economy before and after the Inka, and therefore, the effects of the Inka empire in the Charazani frontier region. The intellectual merit of this project is to increase knowledge on ancient frontiers, and to provide a case study to test competing models on imperial frontier formations. Immediate contributions include formulation of a stratigraphically-based ceramic sequence for the Charazani region so far unknown; reconstruction of the regional cultural dynamics, and documentation of the spatial distribution of Inka and local architecture. The impact of the project will be significant. Through partnership and long-standing relations with research, government and educational institutions in Bolivia, this investigation will create the basis for a multidisciplinary and multinational project. In addition, it will provide the basis for individual research for undergraduate and graduate archaeology students both from the U.S. and Bolivia. The research results will be disseminated among specialized and broader audiences through electronic media, conferences and seminars held both in the U.S. and Latin America, including publications in English and Spanish.