SGER: Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery Litter

Jennings，Aaron A.，PICase Western University 0650675估计城市电池垃圾带来的雨水重金属质量负荷消费者每年在美国购买约1500万块一次性电池。初步研究表明，令人惊讶的是，大量垃圾最终被扔到了城市地区的街道和停车场垃圾中。随着电池的损坏，银、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、锂、镍、铅、锡、钛和锌等金属会被释放到雨水中。来自克利夫兰地区的数据显示，每个零售停车位每年的停车场垃圾率可能高达2个或更多电池。每年的街道垃圾率可能高达每3直线英尺路缘就有1个电池。状态分析表明，超过60%的电池正在泄漏或已经释放了内容物。“碱性”电池破裂时会释放出20-40毫克/L的锌。氯化锌电池或锌碳电池释放出400-1300毫克/L的锌。最终，这两种类型的电池都会释放3-6g(对AA电池来说)的锌，这可能会在低至30ug/l的浓度下对水环境产生毒性。这项工作将集中在确定废弃电池对雨水的金属负荷的重要性。将确定大量装载(最大期望值、不确定范围等)。大约10个案例研究地点，结果将与其他类似污染源的程度进行比较。这将为评估这一研究主题的重要性提供必要的信息。这项研究将留下许多问题，如恶化动力学、化学形态、“雪地电池”负载、颗粒金属运输和“折扣”电池影响，以及补救方法，但它将产生必要的基本信息，以衡量这个来源相对于其他更知名的城市雨水重金属污染源的规模。研究将评估目前被忽视的城市水质问题的重要性。这项工作还将说明最近国际贸易(许多电池从马来西亚、印度尼西亚和中国进口)和消费经济的发展如何影响美国的水质。结果很可能会导致制定改善城市水质的新战略和新的国际贸易标准，以解决问题最严重的进口电池类别。该项目还将向REU学者介绍先进的环境科学和工程概念。

Jennings, Aaron A., PICase Western University0650675Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery LitterConsumers purchase about 15 million disposal batteries each year in the US. Preliminary research indicates that a surprisingly large number of these end up in street and parking lot litter in urban areas. As the batteries deteriorate metals such as Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and Zn can be released to stormwater. Data from the Cleveland area indicate that annual parking lot litter rates can be as high as 2 or more batteries for every retail parking space. Annual street litter rates can be as high as 1 battery for every 3 linear feet of curb. Condition analysis indicates that over 60% of these batteries are leaking or have already discharged their contents. "Alkaline" batteries release 20-40 mg/l Zn when they are ruptured. Zinc-chloride (Zn-Cl) or Zinc-carbon (Zn-C) batteries release 400-1300 mg/l Zn. Ultimately, both types release 3 to 6 g (for AA cells) of Zn, and this can be toxic to aquatic environments at concentrations as low as 30 ug/l.This work will focus on determining the significance of the contribution of metal loading to stormwater from discarded batteries. The mass loadings will be established (maximum expected value, uncertainty bounds, etc.) for approximately 10 case-study locations and the results will be compared to the magnitude of other sources of similar contamination. This will supply the essential information necessary to evaluate the importance of this research topic. The research will leave many questions about factors such as deterioration kinetics, chemical speciation, "snow battery" loading, particulate metal transport and "discount" battery impacts, and remediation methods unanswered, but it will yield the primary information necessary to gauge the magnitude of this source relative to other, better-known sources of urban stormwater heavy metal contamination.The research will evaluate the importance of an urban water quality problem that is currently overlooked. The work will also illustrate how recent developments in international trade (many batteries are imported from Malaysia, Indonesia, and China) and consumer economics are impacting U.S. water quality. It is very likely that results will lead to new strategies for improving urban water quality and new international trade standards to address the most problematic class of imported batteries. The project will also introduce REU scholars to advanced concepts of environmental science and engineering.