SGER: Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery Litter

Jennings, Aaron A., PICase Western university， 0650675估计城市电池垃圾中雨水重金属质量负荷的大小在美国，消费者每年购买大约1500万个处置电池。初步研究表明，在城市地区，大量的垃圾最终成为街道和停车场的垃圾。随着电池老化，金属如Ag、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Li、Ni、Pb、Sn、Ti和Zn会释放到雨水中。来自克利夫兰地区的数据表明，每年每个零售停车位的停车场垃圾率可能高达2个或更多电池。每年的街道垃圾率可能高达每3英尺的路边就有一个电池。状态分析表明，超过60%的电池正在泄漏或已经放电。“碱性”电池在破裂时会释放出20-40毫克/升的锌。氯化锌（Zn- cl）或锌碳（Zn- c）电池释放锌400- 1300mg /l。最终，这两种类型的细胞都会释放3到6克锌（对于AA细胞），并且在低至30微克/升的浓度下，这可能对水生环境有毒。这项工作将侧重于确定废弃电池中金属负载对雨水的贡献的重要性。将建立大约10个案例研究地点的质量负荷（最大期望值，不确定性界限等），并将结果与其他类似污染源的强度进行比较。这将提供必要的信息，以评估这一研究课题的重要性。这项研究将留下许多问题，如变质动力学、化学形态、“雪电池”负载、颗粒金属运输和“折扣”电池影响，以及修复方法等，但它将产生必要的基本信息，以衡量这一来源相对于其他更知名的城市雨水重金属污染来源的程度。这项研究将评估目前被忽视的城市水质问题的重要性。这项工作还将说明国际贸易（许多电池是从马来西亚、印度尼西亚和中国进口的）和消费经济的最新发展如何影响美国的水质。研究结果很可能会导致改善城市水质的新战略和新的国际贸易标准，以解决问题最严重的一类进口电池。该项目还将向REU学者介绍环境科学和工程的先进概念。

Jennings, Aaron A., PICase Western University0650675Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery LitterConsumers purchase about 15 million disposal batteries each year in the US. Preliminary research indicates that a surprisingly large number of these end up in street and parking lot litter in urban areas. As the batteries deteriorate metals such as Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and Zn can be released to stormwater. Data from the Cleveland area indicate that annual parking lot litter rates can be as high as 2 or more batteries for every retail parking space. Annual street litter rates can be as high as 1 battery for every 3 linear feet of curb. Condition analysis indicates that over 60% of these batteries are leaking or have already discharged their contents. "Alkaline" batteries release 20-40 mg/l Zn when they are ruptured. Zinc-chloride (Zn-Cl) or Zinc-carbon (Zn-C) batteries release 400-1300 mg/l Zn. Ultimately, both types release 3 to 6 g (for AA cells) of Zn, and this can be toxic to aquatic environments at concentrations as low as 30 ug/l.This work will focus on determining the significance of the contribution of metal loading to stormwater from discarded batteries. The mass loadings will be established (maximum expected value, uncertainty bounds, etc.) for approximately 10 case-study locations and the results will be compared to the magnitude of other sources of similar contamination. This will supply the essential information necessary to evaluate the importance of this research topic. The research will leave many questions about factors such as deterioration kinetics, chemical speciation, "snow battery" loading, particulate metal transport and "discount" battery impacts, and remediation methods unanswered, but it will yield the primary information necessary to gauge the magnitude of this source relative to other, better-known sources of urban stormwater heavy metal contamination.The research will evaluate the importance of an urban water quality problem that is currently overlooked. The work will also illustrate how recent developments in international trade (many batteries are imported from Malaysia, Indonesia, and China) and consumer economics are impacting U.S. water quality. It is very likely that results will lead to new strategies for improving urban water quality and new international trade standards to address the most problematic class of imported batteries. The project will also introduce REU scholars to advanced concepts of environmental science and engineering.