SGER: Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery Litter

Jennings，Aaron A.，PICase西部大学0650675估计城市电池垃圾中雨水重金属质量负荷的大小在美国，消费者每年购买约1500万个一次性电池。 初步研究表明，这些垃圾中有大量是城市地区街道和停车场的垃圾。 随着电池劣化，诸如Ag、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Li、Ni、Pb、Sn、Ti和Zn的金属可释放到雨水中。 来自克利夫兰地区的数据表明，每年停车场的垃圾率可以高达2个或更多的电池为每个零售停车位。每年的街道垃圾率可以高达1电池每3线性英尺的遏制。状态分析表明，超过60%的电池正在泄漏或已经排出了它们的内容物。“碱性”电池在破裂时释放20-40 mg/l的锌。锌-氯（Zn-Cl）或锌-碳（Zn-C）电池释放400-1300 mg/l锌。最终，这两种类型的释放3至6克（AA电池）的锌，这可能是有毒的水生环境中的浓度低至30微克/升。这项工作将集中在确定的意义上的贡献，金属负载的雨水从废弃电池。将确定质量载荷（最大预期值、不确定性界限等）将对大约10个案例研究地点进行监测，并将结果与其他类似污染源的规模进行比较。这将提供必要的信息来评估这个研究课题的重要性。这项研究将留下许多关于因素的问题，如退化动力学，化学形态，“雪电池”加载，颗粒金属运输和“折扣”电池的影响，以及未回答的补救方法，但它将产生必要的主要信息，以衡量这种来源相对于其他来源的程度，该研究将评估目前被忽视的城市水质问题的重要性。这项工作还将说明国际贸易（许多电池从马来西亚，印度尼西亚和中国进口）和消费者经济学的最新发展如何影响美国的水质。研究结果很可能会导致制定改善城市水质的新战略和新的国际贸易标准，以解决最有问题的一类进口电池。该项目还将向REU学者介绍环境科学和工程的先进概念。

Jennings, Aaron A., PICase Western University0650675Estimating the Magnitude of Stormwater Heavy Metal Mass Loading from Urban Battery LitterConsumers purchase about 15 million disposal batteries each year in the US. Preliminary research indicates that a surprisingly large number of these end up in street and parking lot litter in urban areas. As the batteries deteriorate metals such as Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, and Zn can be released to stormwater. Data from the Cleveland area indicate that annual parking lot litter rates can be as high as 2 or more batteries for every retail parking space. Annual street litter rates can be as high as 1 battery for every 3 linear feet of curb. Condition analysis indicates that over 60% of these batteries are leaking or have already discharged their contents. "Alkaline" batteries release 20-40 mg/l Zn when they are ruptured. Zinc-chloride (Zn-Cl) or Zinc-carbon (Zn-C) batteries release 400-1300 mg/l Zn. Ultimately, both types release 3 to 6 g (for AA cells) of Zn, and this can be toxic to aquatic environments at concentrations as low as 30 ug/l.This work will focus on determining the significance of the contribution of metal loading to stormwater from discarded batteries. The mass loadings will be established (maximum expected value, uncertainty bounds, etc.) for approximately 10 case-study locations and the results will be compared to the magnitude of other sources of similar contamination. This will supply the essential information necessary to evaluate the importance of this research topic. The research will leave many questions about factors such as deterioration kinetics, chemical speciation, "snow battery" loading, particulate metal transport and "discount" battery impacts, and remediation methods unanswered, but it will yield the primary information necessary to gauge the magnitude of this source relative to other, better-known sources of urban stormwater heavy metal contamination.The research will evaluate the importance of an urban water quality problem that is currently overlooked. The work will also illustrate how recent developments in international trade (many batteries are imported from Malaysia, Indonesia, and China) and consumer economics are impacting U.S. water quality. It is very likely that results will lead to new strategies for improving urban water quality and new international trade standards to address the most problematic class of imported batteries. The project will also introduce REU scholars to advanced concepts of environmental science and engineering.