International Research Fellowship Program: Carbonaceous Particle Concentrations Since the Pre-Industrial Era from Asian Ice Cores

[653933]国际研究奖学金计划使美国科学家和工程师能够在国外进行9到24个月的研究。该计划的奖励为联合研究提供了机会，并利用独特或互补的设施、专业知识和国外的实验条件。该奖项将支持Susan D. Kaspari博士与Margit Schwikowski博士在瑞士维利根Paul Scherrer研究所开展为期24个月的研究。碳质颗粒（CP）对全球变暖有显著贡献；然而，CP仍然是工业时代气候变化分析中最大的不确定性来源之一。由于CP的历史记录很少，评估CP在气候变化中的作用的研究使用了基于木材和/或化石燃料消耗数据的CP浓度估算清单。然而，许多重要的CP来源，如烹饪和取暖产生的住宅排放，目前很难估计，过去更难估计，而且随着时间和地点的不同，可能会有很大的变化。因此，需要对CP排放和大气浓度作为时间函数进行更多的定量测量，以估计与CP强迫有关的气候变化。该项目将从之前收集的喜马拉雅和青藏高原三个地点的冰芯中产生从工业化前到现代的碳质颗粒（CP）浓度记录。高山冰川的冰芯提供了过去大气和环境条件的高分辨率档案，并保存了有关自然和人为大气成分、气溶胶和污染物运输和沉积的信息。这些冰芯来自具有战略意义的地点，可以提供欧亚大陆CP排放的历史。该地区的CP沉积史是了解CP气候影响的关键，因为该地区的大气成分受到全球最大CP源的严重影响。申请人和东道国将利用光学方法对冰芯中的黑碳（BC）、元素碳（EC）和有机碳（OC）进行高分辨率分析，并利用这些记录研究前工业化以来CP在区域和全球气候变化中的作用。到目前为止，Schwikowski和他在PSI的同事们已经制作出了从工业化前到现代的唯一的历史冰芯CP记录。

0653933KaspariThe International Research Fellowship Program enables U.S. scientists and engineers to conduct nine to twenty-four months of research abroad. The program's awards provide opportunities for joint research, and the use of unique or complementary facilities, expertise and experimental conditions abroad.This award will support a twenty-four-month research fellowship by Dr. Susan D. Kaspari to work with Dr. Margit Schwikowski at Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland.Carbonaceous particles (CP) can significantly contribute to global warming; yet CP remain one of the largest sources of uncertainty in analyses of climate change during the industrial era. Due to the existence of only a few historical records of CP, studies assessing the role of CP in climate change used estimated inventories of CP concentrations based on wood and/or fossil fuel consumption data. However, many important CP sources such as residential emissions from cooking and heating are very difficult to estimate in the present, even more difficult to estimate for the past, and can vary greatly through time and with location. Thus, more quantitative measurements of CP emissions and atmospheric concentrations as a function of time are needed to estimate climate change related to CP forcing. This project will produce records of carbonaceous particle (CP) concentrations spanning pre-industrial to modern time from previously collected ice cores from three sites in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Ice cores from mountain glaciers provide high-resolution archives of past atmospheric and environmental conditions, and preserve information about natural and anthropogenic atmospheric composition, and aerosol and contaminant transport and deposition. The ice cores are from sites that are strategically located to provide a history of CP emissions from Eurasia. CP deposition histories from this region are key to understanding the climatic impacts of CP, as the atmospheric composition in this region is heavily influenced by the largest sources of CP globally. The applicant and host will analyze the ice cores at high-resolution for black carbon (BC) via an optical method, and elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) via a thermal method, and use the records to investigate the role of CP in regional and global climate change since pre-industrialization. To date Schwikowski and colleagues at PSI have produced the only historical ice core CP records spanning pre-industrial to modern times.