Shocking the cradle: Jet induced feedback in galaxy clusters from growing black holes

黑洞是宇宙中最强大的引擎，它向星系间空间释放物质射流，并改变大规模的气体环境。最大的黑洞位于大质量星系团的中心，这些星系团本身就是宇宙结构的重要探测器。然而，对冷却流的x射线观测与理论预测不符，并表明喷流是造成一些偏差的原因。该项目将研究黑洞如何阻止星团冷却，以及如何构建包括喷流在内的稳定星团大气，并满足温度、熵和气体成分的所有观测要求。它还将研究喷气机如何在动态环境中进化。这将通过三维模拟来完成，包括完整的流体力学、暗物质、自引力、辐射冷却、恒星形成、恒星形成的能量反馈，以及跟踪黑洞合并和自旋演化的黑洞示踪粒子。这将是第一次模拟真实星系团中的已分解喷流和同一星系团中的多个喷流，第一次模拟早期宇宙环境中的喷流，以及第一次详细模拟正尾源。这些结果将被汇编成一系列可以在电视上播放的动画，作为关于黑洞的互动展示的一部分。开发的数据分析技术和算法将提供给社区。研究结果将告知研究生和本科生，以及针对高中教师的一系列研讨会。

AST-0707682HeinzBlack holes are the most powerful engines in the Universe, releasing jets of matter into intergalactic space and transforming the large-scale gaseous environment. The biggest black holes sit in the centers of massive galaxy clusters, which are themselves important probes of cosmic structure. However, X-ray observations of cooling flows do not fit theoretical predictions, and suggest that jets are responsible for some of the deviations. This project will study how black holes stop clusters from cooling, and how to construct stable cluster atmospheres including jets and satisfying all observational requirements on temperature, entropy and gas composition. It will also investigate how jets evolve in dynamic environments. This will be done with three-dimensional simulations that include full fluid mechanics, dark matter, self gravity, radiative cooling, star formation, energy feedback from star formation, and black hole tracer particles to follow black hole mergers and spin evolution. These will be the first simulations of resolved jets in realistic clusters and of multiple jets in the same cluster, the first simulations of jets in early Universe environments, and the first detailed simulations of head-tail sources.The results will be compiled into a series of TV-ready animations, to be used as part of an interactive display about black holes. Developed data analysis techniques and algorithms will be made available to the community. The research results will inform graduate and undergraduate classes, and a seminar series geared towards high school teachers.