Social Network Analysis of the Collaborative Interaction of Scientists in Academic and Non-academic Settings

这项研究分析了在大学环境中工作的科学家(学术界)和在非大学环境中工作的科学家(政府和工业中的应用科学家)之间的关系。尽管这两个群体之间存在一定程度的重叠，但在本研究中，我们假设这两个群体或多或少是两个截然不同的群体，在创造和应用科学创新方面有着不同的动机。一般的假设是，整个科学网络中的布局结构特征、与之合作的作者组成的个人协作网络的属性以及工作环境的属性决定了学术和非学术科学家之间的协作水平。这项研究将认知人类学和社会网络研究的技术应用到科学界。预计这将导致关于学术科学和应用科学如何相互作用的新发现，以及这些方法如何应用于科学学的其他领域。在美国，学术和非学术科学家之间的关系是通过三种不同的方法确定的。首先是利用Web of Science进行的一项基于网络的调查，重点是那些目前隶属于非学术机构的作者。其次，从科学网的JCR科学版中挑选了一批学术科学家。个人网络的组成和结构变量是从与他们合著的作者计算出来的，特别注意合著者在非学术环境中的表现。这些被用作协变量来解释他们的H指数的变异性，H指数是学术界衡量科学生产率的一种指标。第三项任务涉及佛罗里达州大学学术社区(水文学、土壤和水科学)和佛罗里达州水管理区之间的社会网络关系的案例研究。这项研究建立在科学计量学领域的最新研究基础上，通过引文分析和对专利申请的研究，显示了学术和非学术科学家的不同参与。它还建立在研究人员正在进行的项目的基础上，在该项目中，科学网络上的作者被调查了他们对作者顺序和出版的态度。这项研究对全球科学研究资助具有潜在的应用价值。在许多赠款申请中，隐含着这样一种期望，即科学发现和创新会带来应用，并最终带来社会效益。很少有研究系统地考察学术科学界和应用科学之间的互动，特别是在美国。这项研究包括这些社区内的文化动机，以更好地了解这一结构是如何发挥作用的。通过了解学术科学和应用科学之间联系的结构，授权机构可能能够更好地安排资金结构，以最大限度地提高科学创新导致应用的可能性。

This study analyzes the relationship between scientists who work in university settings (academics) and scientists who work in non-university settings (applied scientists in government and industry). Although there is some degree of overlap between these two groups, it is assumed in this study that these are two, more or less, distinct groups with different motivations for creating and applying scientific innovations. The general hypothesis is that structural characteristics of placement within a whole scientific network, attributes of the personal collaboration network comprised of authors with whom one publishes, and attributes of the work environment determine the level of collaboration between academic and non academic scientists. This study applies techniques from cognitive anthropology and social network research to the community of science. It is expected to result in new discoveries about how academic and applied sciences interact, and how these methods may be applied to other areas of the science of science. The relationship between academic and non-academic scientists in the U.S. is determined utilizing three different methods. First is a web-based survey utilizing the Web of Science, focusing on authors whose current affiliation is a non-academic institution. Second, a sample of academic scientists is selected from the JCR Science Edition of the Web of Science. Personal network compositional and structural variables are calculated from the authors with whom they have co-authored, paying special attention to the representation of co-authors in non-academic settings. These are used as covariates to explain the variability in their H-index, a measure of scientific productivity in academe. The third task involves a case study of the social network relations between an academic community at universities in Florida (hydrology, soil and water science) and the Florida Water Management Districts. This study builds on the most current research in the area of scientometrics that has shown through citation analysis and the study of patent filings the differential involvement of academic and non-academic scientists. It also builds on the researchers' ongoing project, where authors on the Web of Science are surveyed about their attitudes concerning author order and publishing. This research has potential application to global research funding for science. Implicit within many grant solicitations is the expectation that scientific discovery and innovation lead to application and ultimately societal benefit. Few studies have systematically examined the interaction between the academic science community and applied science, particularly in the U.S. This study includes the cultural motivations within these communities to provide a better understanding of how the structure functions. By understanding the structure of the nexus between academic and applied science, granting agencies may be better able to structure funding to maximize the probability of scientific innovation resulting in application.