Social Network Analysis of the Collaborative Interaction of Scientists in Academic and Non-academic Settings

本研究分析了在大学环境中工作的科学家（学者）和在非大学环境中工作的科学家（政府和工业中的应用科学家）之间的关系。虽然这两个群体之间有一定程度的重叠，但本研究假设这是两个或多或少不同的群体，具有不同的创造和应用科学创新的动机。一般的假设是，在整个科学网络中的布局的结构特征，与谁一起出版的作者组成的个人合作网络的属性，以及工作环境的属性决定了学术和非学术科学家之间的合作水平。本研究将认知人类学和社会网络研究的技术应用于科学界。预计它将导致关于学术和应用科学如何相互作用的新发现，以及这些方法如何应用于科学科学的其他领域。美国学术和非学术科学家之间的关系是通过三种不同的方法确定的。 首先是一个基于网络的调查，利用Web of Science，侧重于作者，其目前的从属关系是一个非学术机构。其次，从Web of Science的JCR Science Edition中选择了一个学术科学家样本。 个人网络的组成和结构变量是从与他们合著的作者中计算出来的，特别注意合著者在非学术环境中的代表性。这些被用作协变量来解释他们的H指数的变化，H指数是一个衡量科学生产力的指标。第三项任务涉及佛罗里达大学（水文、土壤和水科学）学术团体与佛罗里达水管理区之间社会网络关系的案例研究。 这项研究建立在科学计量学领域的最新研究基础上，该研究通过引文分析和专利申请研究表明，学术和非学术科学家的参与程度不同。它还建立在研究人员正在进行的项目的基础上，该项目调查了Web of Science上的作者对作者订单和出版的态度。这项研究有可能应用于全球科学研究基金。在许多赠款申请中隐含着这样一种期望，即科学发现和创新将导致应用并最终带来社会效益。很少有研究系统地研究学术科学界和应用科学之间的互动，特别是在美国，这项研究包括这些社区内的文化动机，以提供更好地了解结构如何运作。通过了解学术和应用科学之间的关系结构，拨款机构可能能够更好地安排资金，以最大限度地提高科学创新导致应用的可能性。

This study analyzes the relationship between scientists who work in university settings (academics) and scientists who work in non-university settings (applied scientists in government and industry). Although there is some degree of overlap between these two groups, it is assumed in this study that these are two, more or less, distinct groups with different motivations for creating and applying scientific innovations. The general hypothesis is that structural characteristics of placement within a whole scientific network, attributes of the personal collaboration network comprised of authors with whom one publishes, and attributes of the work environment determine the level of collaboration between academic and non academic scientists. This study applies techniques from cognitive anthropology and social network research to the community of science. It is expected to result in new discoveries about how academic and applied sciences interact, and how these methods may be applied to other areas of the science of science. The relationship between academic and non-academic scientists in the U.S. is determined utilizing three different methods. First is a web-based survey utilizing the Web of Science, focusing on authors whose current affiliation is a non-academic institution. Second, a sample of academic scientists is selected from the JCR Science Edition of the Web of Science. Personal network compositional and structural variables are calculated from the authors with whom they have co-authored, paying special attention to the representation of co-authors in non-academic settings. These are used as covariates to explain the variability in their H-index, a measure of scientific productivity in academe. The third task involves a case study of the social network relations between an academic community at universities in Florida (hydrology, soil and water science) and the Florida Water Management Districts. This study builds on the most current research in the area of scientometrics that has shown through citation analysis and the study of patent filings the differential involvement of academic and non-academic scientists. It also builds on the researchers' ongoing project, where authors on the Web of Science are surveyed about their attitudes concerning author order and publishing. This research has potential application to global research funding for science. Implicit within many grant solicitations is the expectation that scientific discovery and innovation lead to application and ultimately societal benefit. Few studies have systematically examined the interaction between the academic science community and applied science, particularly in the U.S. This study includes the cultural motivations within these communities to provide a better understanding of how the structure functions. By understanding the structure of the nexus between academic and applied science, granting agencies may be better able to structure funding to maximize the probability of scientific innovation resulting in application.