Collaborative Research: Processes, Feedbacks and Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange in the Land-Coastal Ocean System

浅海，约占现代全球表层海洋面积的8%和陆地面积的19%，是一个鲜为人知的控制全球碳循环和海气二氧化碳交换的领域，这对末次盛冰期以来和未来的气候变化具有毫无疑问的重要性。目前，海洋生物生产总量的10 - 30%发生在沿海海域，近80%到达海洋的陆源物质沉积在这里，海洋中高达50%的碳酸钙总量和80%的有机碳总量发生在这里。在近200年前的前工业时代末期，就地产生并从陆地进口的有机碳的生物钙化和再矿化可能占海洋表面向大气排放的二氧化碳的30%至50%。在LGM以来的千年至世纪的时间尺度上（距今近18000年至人类世的下两个世纪），沿海海洋由于面积相对较小，特别容易受到邻近较大的大气、陆地、开阔海洋和沉积物储存库的环境变化的影响。由于同样的原因，它能迅速传送和调节过去和不久将来的外部和内部强迫。在这个项目中，夏威夷大学马诺阿分校和西北大学的研究人员将解决四个重要但尚未被充分理解的问题，即沿海海洋在全球碳循环和海气二氧化碳交换中的作用，从近LGM到前工业时代结束，再到未来两个世纪的工业时代。沿海海洋的作用是全球性的，因此研究的重点是获得全球或世界平均水平的答案。这些将由研究人员开发的模型分析来处理。动态过程模型已经成功地应用于工业时代和未来两到三个世纪的较短时间内。这些模式成功了吗？应用是在自己与别人的结果一致吗？对工业的过去和未来的估计。模式分析将对与二氧化碳转移相互作用的主要过程作出估计：从陆地上去除碳和其他营养物质，受海水化学和地表水酸化影响的有机和无机碳的沉积储存，陆地和沿海地区的生物生产，矿物风化中的二氧化碳和温度作用，以及沿海海洋的二氧化碳海气交换。这一建议的更广泛的影响是它与社会问题和政策决定的相关性，这些问题和政策决定涉及对全球变化的生物地球化学基础的理解，特别是对过去和未来严重受人类影响的沿海海洋在全球碳循环中的作用的理解。其他影响包括本科和研究生教育，以及通过一个网站传播信息，使社区能够获得模型和结果，并在专业会议上发表演讲。最后，沿海海洋区域在过去和未来的行为对于任何正在经历自然和人为环境变化的地球系统的分析都是至关重要的。

The shallow coastal ocean, representing approximately 8% of the modern global surface ocean area and 19% of the land area, is a domain that exercises poorly understood controls of the global carbon cycle and the air-sea CO2 exchange that are of unquestionable importance to climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and into the future. At present, 10 to 30% of total oceanic biological production occurs in the coastal ocean, near 80% of the terrigenous material mass reaching the ocean is deposited there, and as much as 50% of total calcium carbonate and 80% of total organic carbon accumulation in the ocean occur in this region. At the end of pre-industrial time, nearly 200 years ago, biological calcification and remineralization of organic carbon produced in situ and imported from land might have been responsible for 30% to 50% of the CO2 emission from the surface ocean to the atmosphere. At the millennial to centurial time scale since the LGM near 18,000 years before present and into the next two centuries of the Anthropocene, the coastal ocean, because of its relatively small size, is particularly susceptible to environmental changes in its bigger neighboring reservoirs of atmosphere, land, open ocean, and sediments. For the same reason, it transmits and modulates rapidly the external and internal forcings of the past and the near future. In this project, researchers at the University of Hawaii - Manoa and Northwestern University will address four important, but not well understood, issues of the role of the coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle and air-sea CO2 exchange in the time period since near the LGM to the end of pre-industrial time and into the future two centuries of the Industrial Age. The role of the coastal ocean is a global role and the research accordingly focuses on obtaining global or world-average answers. These will be handled by model analysis developed from the investogators? dynamic process models that have been successfully applied to the shorter time periods of the Industrial Age and the future two to three centuries. Success of the models? application is in their agreement with the results of others? estimates for the industrial past and future. The model analysis will produce estimates of the major processes that interact with the CO2 transfer: the removal of carbon and other nutrients from land, sedimentary storage of organic and inorganic carbon as affected by seawater chemistry and surface water acidification, biological production on land and in the coastal zone, the CO2 and temperature role in mineral weathering, and the CO2 air-sea exchange of the coastal ocean. The broader impacts of this proposal are its relevance to the societal issues and policy decisions involved in the understanding of the biogeochemical fundamentals of global change and, particularly, of the role of the heavily human-impacted coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle in the past and on into the future. Additional impacts involve undergraduate and graduate education, and dissemination of information by means of a web site allowing the community access to the models and results, and presentations at professional meetings. Finally, the behavior of the coastal ocean domain in the past and future is critical to any analysis of the Earth system undergoing both natural and human-induced environmental change.