Collaborative Research: Processes, Feedbacks and Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange in the Land-Coastal Ocean System

浅海岸海洋，约占现代全球海洋表面积的8%和陆地面积的19%，是一个对全球碳循环和海气CO2交换的控制知之甚少的领域，这些控制对末次盛冰期以来的气候变化具有毫无疑问的重要性（LGM）和未来。目前，海洋生物生产总量的10%至30%发生在沿海海洋，接近80%的到达海洋的陆源物质沉积在那里，海洋中多达50%的碳酸钙和80%的有机碳积累发生在这一地区。在近200年前的前工业时代结束时，生物钙化和原位产生的有机碳的再矿化以及从陆地输入的有机碳可能是从海洋表面排放到大气中的二氧化碳的30%至50%。从距今近18,000年的末次冰期到人类世的下两个世纪，在千年到百年的时间尺度上，沿海海洋由于其相对较小的面积，特别容易受到邻近大气、陆地、开阔海洋和沉积物等较大水库的环境变化的影响。出于同样的原因，它迅速传播和调节过去和不久的将来的外部和内部作用力。在这个项目中，研究人员在夏威夷大学-马诺阿和西北大学将解决四个重要的，但不太清楚，沿海海洋在全球碳循环和海气CO2交换的作用的问题，因为近末次盛冰期结束前工业时代，并进入未来两个世纪的工业时代。沿海海洋的作用是全球性的，因此研究的重点是获得全球或世界平均水平的答案。这些将由模型分析从investogators开发处理？动态过程模型已成功应用于工业时代和未来两到三个世纪的较短时间段。模型的成功？应用是在他们的协议与他人的结果？对工业过去和未来的估计。模型分析将产生与二氧化碳转移相互作用的主要过程的估计数：碳和其他营养物从陆地的去除、受海水化学和地表水酸化影响的有机和无机碳的沉积储存、陆地和沿海地区的生物生产、二氧化碳和温度在矿物风化中的作用以及沿海海洋的二氧化碳气-海交换。这一建议的更广泛影响是，它与理解全球变化的生物地球化学基本原理，特别是过去和未来受人类严重影响的沿海海洋在全球碳循环中的作用所涉及的社会问题和政策决定有关。其他影响包括本科生和研究生教育，通过网站传播信息，使社区能够获得模型和结果，并在专业会议上发言。最后，沿海海洋区域在过去和未来的行为对于分析地球系统经历自然和人为环境变化至关重要。

The shallow coastal ocean, representing approximately 8% of the modern global surface ocean area and 19% of the land area, is a domain that exercises poorly understood controls of the global carbon cycle and the air-sea CO2 exchange that are of unquestionable importance to climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and into the future. At present, 10 to 30% of total oceanic biological production occurs in the coastal ocean, near 80% of the terrigenous material mass reaching the ocean is deposited there, and as much as 50% of total calcium carbonate and 80% of total organic carbon accumulation in the ocean occur in this region. At the end of pre-industrial time, nearly 200 years ago, biological calcification and remineralization of organic carbon produced in situ and imported from land might have been responsible for 30% to 50% of the CO2 emission from the surface ocean to the atmosphere. At the millennial to centurial time scale since the LGM near 18,000 years before present and into the next two centuries of the Anthropocene, the coastal ocean, because of its relatively small size, is particularly susceptible to environmental changes in its bigger neighboring reservoirs of atmosphere, land, open ocean, and sediments. For the same reason, it transmits and modulates rapidly the external and internal forcings of the past and the near future. In this project, researchers at the University of Hawaii - Manoa and Northwestern University will address four important, but not well understood, issues of the role of the coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle and air-sea CO2 exchange in the time period since near the LGM to the end of pre-industrial time and into the future two centuries of the Industrial Age. The role of the coastal ocean is a global role and the research accordingly focuses on obtaining global or world-average answers. These will be handled by model analysis developed from the investogators? dynamic process models that have been successfully applied to the shorter time periods of the Industrial Age and the future two to three centuries. Success of the models? application is in their agreement with the results of others? estimates for the industrial past and future. The model analysis will produce estimates of the major processes that interact with the CO2 transfer: the removal of carbon and other nutrients from land, sedimentary storage of organic and inorganic carbon as affected by seawater chemistry and surface water acidification, biological production on land and in the coastal zone, the CO2 and temperature role in mineral weathering, and the CO2 air-sea exchange of the coastal ocean. The broader impacts of this proposal are its relevance to the societal issues and policy decisions involved in the understanding of the biogeochemical fundamentals of global change and, particularly, of the role of the heavily human-impacted coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle in the past and on into the future. Additional impacts involve undergraduate and graduate education, and dissemination of information by means of a web site allowing the community access to the models and results, and presentations at professional meetings. Finally, the behavior of the coastal ocean domain in the past and future is critical to any analysis of the Earth system undergoing both natural and human-induced environmental change.