Effects of predation by a phonotactic parasitoid on male and female reproductive behavior in a field cricket

捕食声致性寄生蜂对雌雄蟋蟀生产行为的影响雌性蟋蟀通常更喜欢与发出夸张信号的雄性交配。然而，增加雄性吸引雌性的可能性的信号也增加了吸引捕食者的可能性。相对而言，人们对捕食对雄性和雌性交配行为进化的影响知之甚少。在多变的野外蟋蟀中，雌性更喜欢含有更快更长啁啾的雄性歌曲。然而，这些歌曲类型也更有可能吸引音致性拟寄生虫蝇（Ormia ochracea）。这些苍蝇将幼虫寄生在会唱歌的雄性蟋蟀身上，幼虫在蟋蟀体内挖洞并觅食10天，然后幼虫从蟋蟀体内出来并化蛹，杀死蟋蟀。因为苍蝇喜欢与雌性蟋蟀相同的鸣声类型，所以偏爱的雄性蟋蟀被苍蝇捕食的风险更高。此外，当雌性靠近它们喜欢的雄性时，它们被苍蝇捕食的风险更大，当它们与多个雄性交配时，它们被苍蝇捕食的风险可能更大。本项目将研究苍蝇捕食对雄性和雌性生殖行为进化的影响。具体来说，它将比较七个受到苍蝇攻击的蟋蟀种群和七个没有受到苍蝇攻击的蟋蟀种群。两个种群的行为测量将包括雄性鸣叫行为，雌性对雄性鸣叫的反应，雌性重复和多次交配，雄性提供的直接利益，以及雄性利益质量信号的可靠性。所有测试的蟋蟀都将在实验室的共同环境中饲养，这将确保在被寄生和未被寄生的种群之间发现的任何差异都是基于基因的。这项研究将为影响雄性和雌性生殖行为进化的因素提供独特的信息。更广泛的影响：实地工作将在几个受保护的保护区和生物实地站进行。该项目每年将为至少四名本科生提供研究培训。

PI WagnerProposal IOS # 0818116Effects of predation by a phonotactic parasitoid on male and femalereproductive behavior in a field cricketFemales often prefer to mate with males that produce extravagant signals. Signals that increase a male's probability of attracting a female, however, can also increase the probability of attracting predators. Relatively little is know about the effect of predation on the evolution of male and female mating behavior. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, females prefer male songs that contain faster and longer chirps. These song types, however, are also more likely to attract phonotactic parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea). The flies deposit larvae on singing males, the larvae burrow into the cricket and feed for ten days, then the larvae emerge from the cricket and pupate, killing the cricket. Because the flies prefer the same song types as female crickets, preferred males have a higher risk of fly predation. In addition, females experience a greater risk of fly predation when they are near preferred males, and they likely experience a greater risk of fly predation when they mate with multiple males. This project will examine the effect of fly predation on the evolution of male and female reproductive behavior. Specifically, it will compare seven cricket populations attacked by the flies and seven cricket populations that are not attacked by the flies. Behavioral measures in the two populations will include male singing behavior, female responses to male song, female repeated and multiple mating, male-provided direct benefits, and the reliability of male signals of benefit quality. All crickets tested will be reared in the common environment of the laboratory, which will ensure that any detected differences between parasitized and non-parasitized populations are genetically based. This study will provide unique information on the factors that affect the evolution of male and female reproductive behavior. Broader impacts: Field work will be conducted at several protected reserves and biological field stations. The project will provide research training for at least four undergraduate students per year.