Effects of predation by a phonotactic parasitoid on male and female reproductive behavior in a field cricket

PI Wagner提议IOS#0818116声道寄生蜂的捕食对田间雄性和雌性生殖行为的影响雌性通常更喜欢与产生过度信号的雄性交配。然而，增加雄性吸引雌性的可能性的信号也会增加吸引捕食者的可能性。关于捕食对雄性和雌性交配行为进化的影响，我们知之甚少。在可变场地板球中，雌性更喜欢鸣声更快、更长的雄性歌曲。然而，这些歌声类型也更有可能吸引音向性寄生苍蝇(奥米亚赭科)。苍蝇将幼虫寄生在鸣叫的雄鸟身上，幼虫钻进蟋蟀体内觅食10天，然后幼虫从蟋蟀体内出来化蛹，杀死蟋蟀。因为苍蝇喜欢和雌性蟋蟀一样的歌声类型，所以更喜欢雄性蟋蟀捕食苍蝇的风险更高。此外，当雌性与首选雄性接近时，它们被捕食的风险更大，当它们与多只雄性交配时，它们可能会经历更大的被捕食的风险。这个项目将研究苍蝇捕食对雄性和雌性生殖行为进化的影响。具体地说，它将比较七种被苍蝇攻击的板球种群和七种没有被苍蝇攻击的板球种群。这两个群体的行为测量将包括男性歌唱行为、女性对男性歌曲的反应、女性重复和多次交配、男性提供的直接利益以及男性利益质量信号的可靠性。所有测试的蟋蟀都将在实验室的公共环境中饲养，这将确保检测到的寄生种群和非寄生种群之间的任何差异都是基于遗传的。这项研究将为影响男性和女性生殖行为进化的因素提供独特的信息。更广泛的影响：将在几个保护区和生物野外站开展实地工作。该项目每年将为至少四名本科生提供研究培训。

PI WagnerProposal IOS # 0818116Effects of predation by a phonotactic parasitoid on male and femalereproductive behavior in a field cricketFemales often prefer to mate with males that produce extravagant signals. Signals that increase a male's probability of attracting a female, however, can also increase the probability of attracting predators. Relatively little is know about the effect of predation on the evolution of male and female mating behavior. In the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, females prefer male songs that contain faster and longer chirps. These song types, however, are also more likely to attract phonotactic parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea). The flies deposit larvae on singing males, the larvae burrow into the cricket and feed for ten days, then the larvae emerge from the cricket and pupate, killing the cricket. Because the flies prefer the same song types as female crickets, preferred males have a higher risk of fly predation. In addition, females experience a greater risk of fly predation when they are near preferred males, and they likely experience a greater risk of fly predation when they mate with multiple males. This project will examine the effect of fly predation on the evolution of male and female reproductive behavior. Specifically, it will compare seven cricket populations attacked by the flies and seven cricket populations that are not attacked by the flies. Behavioral measures in the two populations will include male singing behavior, female responses to male song, female repeated and multiple mating, male-provided direct benefits, and the reliability of male signals of benefit quality. All crickets tested will be reared in the common environment of the laboratory, which will ensure that any detected differences between parasitized and non-parasitized populations are genetically based. This study will provide unique information on the factors that affect the evolution of male and female reproductive behavior. Broader impacts: Field work will be conducted at several protected reserves and biological field stations. The project will provide research training for at least four undergraduate students per year.