LTER: Comparative Study of a Suite of Lakes in Wisconsin

淡水具有重要的生态和社会价值的景观元素，是水文、生物地球化学、生物和人类社会相互作用的纽带。北温带湖泊长期生态研究项目自1981年以来一直在威斯康星州南部和北部的湖区开展。在此期间，它积累了令人印象深刻的长期数据集和对湖泊生态的理解，并且在开发用于长期生态研究的概念方面也处于领先地位，例如生态系统服务和生态系统恢复力。这一更新建议建立在33年之前的研究基础上，研究了两个研究领域的综合社会生态动态，重点关注影响湖区的生态、气候和社会过程以及这些过程之间的相互作用。四个相互关联的问题指导了拟议的研究：湖区是如何以及为什么发生变化的，它们未来将如何变化？湖区对气候变化的主要生态和社会反应是什么？多个相互作用的驱动因素如何在多尺度上影响湖区的区域变化？湖区生态系统服务的规模、相互作用和潜在的未来流量是什么？一个由自然、社会和信息科学家组成的不同群体将承担这项研究。将产生对湖区生态和社会生态变化的原因和后果的新的综合理解，这与个人和机构有关该地区未来及其居民福利的决定有关。结果将整合到K-12、本科、研究生和继续教育中，数据将提供给个人、非政府组织、地方、州和联邦机构，并协助对环境和生态变化进行全球评估。

Freshwaters are ecologically important and socially valued elements of landscapes and a nexus of hydrological, biogeochemical, biotic and human social interactions. The North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research project has been operating since 1981 in lake districts of southern and northern Wisconsin. During that time it has amassed an impressive long-term data set and understanding of the ecology of lakes and also been a leader in developing concepts for use in long-term ecological research, such as ecosystem services and ecosystem resilience. This renewal proposal builds on 33 years of prior research to examine integrated socio-ecological dynamics in the two study areas, focusing on the ecological, climatological and social processes that affect lake districts and the interactions among these processes. Four interrelated questions guide the proposed research: How and why have lake districts changed, and how will they change in the future? What are the major ecological and social responses of lake districts to climate change? How do multiple interacting drivers affect regional change in lake districts at multiple scales? and What are the magnitudes, interactions, and potential future flows of ecosystem services in lake districts? A diverse group of natural, social, and information scientists will undertake the research. New synthetic understandings of the causes and consequences of ecological and social-ecological change in lake districts will be produced relevant to decisions of individuals and institutions concerned with the future of the region and the welfare of its residents. Results are integrated in K-12, undergraduate, graduate and continuing education, and data will be available and provided to individuals, non-governmental organizations, local, state and federal agencies, and to assist in global assessments of environmental and ecological change.