Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Inequality and Social Exclusion in the Southern Andes

在Bruce Mannheim博士的指导下，密歇根大学博士生Margarita Huayhua将研究分形社会类别，这是安第斯山脉南部种族等级的具体情况标记。华华将研究这些范畴是如何通过日常社会交往中的等级修辞来创造和再创造的，以及它们是如何通过语言和肢体行为来表现的。这项研究将调查社会创造的runa（“母语为盖丘亚语的人”）和misti（“讲西班牙语的当地精英”）类别是否与秘鲁公民的理想相冲突，秘鲁公民的理想被理解为为所有人提供平等的权利和责任。华华将重点关注库斯科附近农村讲克丘亚语和讲西班牙语的人之间的面对面互动，以研究这些等级社会类别如何在日常社会关系中部署。这项调查将包括基于长期参与者观察、深度访谈、照片和草图、身体hexis编纂、相互作用的社会语言学分析和各种环境下的身体行为分析的runa和misti之间关系的民族志和社会语言学研究。研究人员将研究分形关系为何以及如何起作用，以及它们是否以及如何有助于建立一个社会世界，在这个社会世界中，尽管runa是名义上的公民，但他们被置于低于misti的等级关系中。这项研究将有助于更好地理解不平等和社会排斥的模式，以及它们产生和延续的往往看不见的方式。了解这种不平等和排斥机制是如何运作的，将有助于制定更具体、更有效地解决这些问题的政策。这项研究也将有助于研究生的教育。

University of Michigan doctoral student Margarita Huayhua, under the guidance of Dr. Bruce Mannheim, will investigate fractal social categories that are situation-specific markers of ethnic hierarchy in the southern Andes. Huayhua will study how these categories are created and re-created by the rhetoric of hierarchy in daily social interaction and how they are displayed by language and body comportment. This research will investigate whether the socially created categories of runa ("native Quechua speaker") and misti ("Spanish speaking local elite") conflict with the ideal of Peruvian citizenship that is understood to offer all individuals equal rights and responsibilities. Huayhua will focus on the face-to-face interactions between Quechua speakers and Spanish speakers in the countryside near Cuzco in order to study how these hierarchical social categories are deployed in everyday social relationships. This investigation will consist of ethnographic and socio-linguistic research on the relationship between runa and misti based on long-term participant observation, in-depth interviews, photos and sketches, body hexis codification, sociolinguistic analysis of interactions and analysis of body comportment a variety of settings. The researcher will examine why and how fractal relationships work and if and how they contribute to establishing a social world in which, although runa are nominal citizens, they are placed in hierarchical relationships inferior to the misti. The research will contribute to better understanding of patterns of inequality and social exclusion and the often unseen ways in which they are created and perpetuated. Understanding how such mechanisms of inequality and exclusion work will contribute to developing policy to address them more concretely and effectively. The research also will contribute to the education of a graduate student.