Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Italic Patronage of Early Apulian Red-Figure Pottery

在凯瑟琳·林奇（Kathleen Lynch）博士的指导下，杰德·索恩（Jed Thorn）将对南意大利红图陶器进行化学分析，这是他博士论文项目的一部分。公元前5世纪中期，雅典工匠将红图技术传到了意大利南部。除了作为阿提卡红人的重要出口市场外，从公元前700年起，南意大利还接收了希腊移民的殖民定居点。因此，人们普遍认为，南意大利红图的主要分支——在其主要分布地区被称为“阿普利亚”——是由这些希腊殖民地之一生产的。作为普利亚唯一的希腊殖民地，塔拉斯（今塔兰托）通常被认为是普利亚红图陶器的发源地和主要生产中心。然而，仍然没有确凿的考古或考古证据表明这种陶器是在哪里生产的。分布数据表明，这些陶器的主要消费者实际上不是殖民时期的希腊人，而是该地区前殖民时期的意大利人。通过对一大批阿普利亚红图样本进行化学分析，该项目将是确定这些陶器是在希腊还是非希腊遗址生产的重要且前所未有的一步。该项目的主要目标是确定阿普利亚红图作坊使用的粘土的化学变化程度。中子活化分析程序将用于分离来自七个不同博物馆藏品的阿普利亚红图花瓶的化学成分。它还将分析来自古代塔拉斯遗址的陶瓷参考材料，这将揭示在塔拉斯生产的阿普利亚红形花瓶是否在化学上与已知在塔拉斯生产的陶瓷制品相符。与普遍观点相反，阿普利亚人的红纹陶器可能是在一些非希腊遗址巡回生产的。中子活化分析可以证实多种区域粘土类型的使用，这将为这一假设提供重要的权重。这种流动生产的可能性不仅对我们了解阿普利亚红人陶器有重要意义，而且对我们了解古代南意大利希腊人和非希腊人之间的文化动态也有重要意义。作为一个早于“欧洲”或“西方”具体概念的欧洲殖民环境，古普利亚成为一个非常有用的比较点，用于研究受更现代的社会、宗教和经济态度约束的近代殖民互动。该项目代表了一个重要考古问题的多学科研究方法。样本收集过程需要博物馆保护实验室的合作，该项目将成功地将古典考古学、博物馆研究和考古测量学的学科联系起来。它将采用密苏里大学考古实验室的服务，该实验室被设计为一个教育设施。从本科生实习生到博士的多层工作人员将准备和处理样本组。最后，中子活化分析的结果将有助于建立一个不断增长的数据集，这将允许未来的研究人员提出和回答进一步的研究问题。

Under the supervision of Dr. Kathleen Lynch, Jed Thorn will conduct a chemical analysis of South Italian red-figure pottery as part of his doctoral dissertation project. The red-figure technique was transmitted to southern Italy by Athenian craftsmen during the mid-5th century BC. In addition to having been an important export market for Attic red-figure, South Italy had also received colonial settlements of Greek immigrants from c. 700 BC onward. Consequently, it has been widely assumed that the main branch of South Italian red-figure - termed "Apulian" after its primary area of distribution - was produced by one of these Greek colonies. As the only Greek colony in Apulia, Taras (modern Taranto) is commonly regarded as the birthplace and primary production center of Apulian red-figure pottery. However, there is still no firm archaeological or archaeometric evidence for where this pottery was produced. The distribution data suggest that the primary consumers of this pottery were not, in fact, colonial Greeks, but rather the region's pre-colonial Italic population. In subjecting a large group of Apulian red-figure samples to chemical analysis, this project will constitute an important and unprecedented step toward determining whether this pottery was produced at a Greek or a non-Greek site. The project's primary objective is to determine the degree of chemical variability in the clays utilized by Apulian red-figure workshops. A program of neutron activation analysis will be used to isolate the chemical compositions of Apulian red-figure vases drawn from seven different museum collections. It will also analyze ceramic reference material from the site of ancient Taras, which will reveal whether Apulian red-figure vases assumed to have been produced at Taras conform chemically to ceramic objects that are known to have been produced at Taras. Contrary to consensus opinion, it is possible that Apulian red-figure pottery was produced itinerantly at a number of non-Greek sites. The neutron activation analysis could confirm the use of multiple regional clay types, which would lend significant weight to this hypothesis. The possibility of itinerant production has significant implications not only for our understanding of Apulian red-figure pottery, but also for our understanding of intercultural dynamics between Greeks and non-Greeks in ancient South Italy. As a European colonial environment that predated concrete conceptions of "Europe" or "the West," ancient Apulia emerges as an extremely useful point of comparison for studies of more recent colonial interactions that were constrained by more modern social, religious, and economic attitudes.The project represents a multidisciplinary approach to an important archaeological question. The sample-collection process has entailed the cooperation of museum conservation laboratories, and the project will successfully bridge the disciplines of classical archaeology, museum studies, and archaeometry. It will employ the services of the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri, which is designed to be an educational facility. A multi-tiered staff ranging from undergraduate interns to PhDs will prepare and process the sample group. Finally, the results of the neutron activation analysis will contribute to a growing dataset that will permit further research questions to be asked and answered by future investigators.