Collaborative Research: Growth of the Tibetan Plateau and Eastern Asia Climate: Clues to Understanding the Hydrological Cycle

五十年来，青藏高原一直被认为是扰乱大气环流的最大地形特征。它是了解形成高地形的地球动力学过程的理想野外实验室。因此，高原的生长应该改变了大气环流，因此不仅对东亚区域气候，而且对全球气候都写下了一个演变的古气候特征。尽管最近进行了许多研究，但我们仍然不知道青藏高原何时达到目前的规模，以及它如何扰乱大气环流。该项目汇集了地球动力学家、大气科学家和古气候学家，对时间和方式进行了多学科研究。该项目的主要目标之一是量化西藏通过地壳增厚、逆冲断层和褶皱、地壳内流动重新分配物质或通过用较热的物质取代寒冷的地幔岩石圈(所有这些都处于均衡平衡状态)而增长的程度。这样的量化将朝着理解高原的高度和大陆岩石圈如何变形的方向迈出一大步，这些都是地球动力学的前沿课题。要确定西藏是如何发展起来的，将需要使用基本的野外方法和现代实验室技术来确定地壳缩短和增厚发生的时间，并使用新的同位素工具来量化古海拔。然而，应用这种古高度测量技术，不仅需要了解大气如何输送同位素，而且需要了解过去不断演变的高地形有时如何影响地表温度。即使S项目只关注西藏是如何发展的，气象部分的研究也是必要的，特别是东亚S水文循环。大多数大陆古气候指标被认为对降水比温度更敏感，在未来气候的未知数中，水文循环尤为突出。因此，一个主要的重点将是了解像西藏这样的高地形如何影响东亚的水文循环，特别是中国。这些研究将侧重于：(1)作为地形障碍和太阳辐射汇的高原如何影响大气环流；(2)大气如何输送稳定同位素(ä18O和äD)；(3)高原如何影响中纬度气候变异性，包括如何通过背风气旋生成，扬起和输送沙尘；(4)植被如何反馈大气环流和水文循环。作为在多个Myr时间尺度上发生的地质过程与在人类时间尺度上发生的地质过程的联系，首席调查人员计划进行研究，专门研究过去数十万年来的古沉淀作用，使用黄土沉积和量化古气候的洞穴植被。

For fifty years, the Tibetan Plateau has been recognized as the largest topographic feature that perturbs atmospheric circulation. It serves as an ideal field laboratory for understanding the geodynamic processes that build high terrain. Accordingly, the growth of the plateau should have altered atmospheric circulation and therefore written an evolving paleoclimatic signature not only on eastern Asian regional climates, but on global climate as well. Despite many recent studies, we still do not know precisely when the Tibetan Plateau reached its current dimensions and how it perturbs atmospheric circulation. This project brings together geodynamicists, atmospheric scientists, and paleoclimatologists in a multidisciplinary study of the when and the how.One of the major goals of the project is to quantify the extent to which Tibet has grown by crustal thickening, by thrust faulting and folding, by flow within the crust that redistributes material there, or by replacement of cold mantle lithosphere with hotter material (all in a state of isostatic equilibrium). Such quantification will take big steps toward the understanding of how high plateaus are built and how continental lithosphere deforms, topics at the forefront of geodynamics. Determining how Tibet has grown will require determining when crustal shortening and thickening occurred, using basic field methods and modern laboratory techniques, and quantifying paleoaltitudes with new isotopic tools. Applying such paleoaltimetric techniques, however, requires an understanding not only of how the atmosphere transports isotopes, but how the evolving high terrain affected surface temperatures at times in the past. Even if the project?s focus were solely on how Tibet has grown, a meteorological component of the study, focused particularly on eastern Asia?s hydrological cycle, would be necessary. Most continental paleoclimatic indicators are thought to be more sensitive to precipitation than to temperature, and among the unknowns of future climate, the hydrological cycle stands out. Accordingly, a major focus will be on understanding how high terrain like Tibet affects the hydrological cycle of eastern Asia, and China in particular. These studies will focus on: (1) how the plateau, as both a topographic obstacle and a sink for solar radiation, affects atmospheric circulation; (2) how the atmosphere transports stable isotopes (ä18O and äD); (3) how it affects mid-latitude climate variability, including how, via lee cyclogenesis, it lofts and transports dust, and (4) how vegetation feeds back on atmospheric circulation and the hydrological cycle. As links from geologic processes occurring at multi-Myr time scales to those on human time scales, the Principal Investigators plan studies that specifically examine paleoprecipitation over the past few hundred thousand years, using both loess deposition and speleothems that quantify paleoclimate.