Collaborative Research: The M8.0 Pisco Peru Earthquake - A Benchmark Ground Failure Event for Remote Sensing and Data Archiving

该奖项是根据2009年美国恢复和再投资法案(公法111-5)资助的，人口稠密地区发生的大地震为我们提供了宝贵的机会，以增进我们对地震危险的了解，并通过对案例的调查和分析来促进工程和科学的实践状况。传统上，岩土工程中的地震案例研究是在特定场地的规模上进行的，导致了该领域的许多关键进展。然而，人们越来越认识到，地震影响涉及广大地区，并具有独特的空间特征，这些特征是区域尺度因素的函数，如地质背景、地面运动强度和土地利用模式。此外，现代基础设施系统的高度网络化及其内部反馈回路、连锁故障的可能性以及对极端事件的敏感性表明，应在更大的空间框架内考虑地震的后果。遥感领域的进步，结合信息管理和空间分析的新机遇，为地震研究提供了一个有希望的新方向，需要加以利用。这项研究将使用遥感、岩土调查和传统的实地勘察信息来收集、处理、解释和数字存档来自2007年秘鲁皮斯科8.0级地震中震区大部分地区的地面故障事件(山体滑坡和大规模、几平方公里的横向扩展)。该研究计划的指导思想是，使用最先进的遥感和数据管理工具，将皮斯科地震确立为一个完全记录在案的“基准”地面故障事件，并将其永久保存在一个可搜索的、经过专业管理的NEES中央数据库中。有几个因素使皮斯科地震非常适合用作基准地面破坏事件：(I)地震发生后，地面极端事件勘测(GEER)小组立即记录了它的影响；(Ii)中震区跨越了从沿海平原到海拔4500米以上的陡峭山区的各种土地用途和地貌环境；以及(Iii)一个丰富多样的地震影响“活实验室”，从严重的土壤液化到发生的大规模岩石崩塌。这项工作利用了一个多学科、多机构的团队的专业知识，他们在岩土地震工程、遥感、和野外数据采集。它将集中于地震造成的两种主要类型的地面故障：山体滑坡和横向蔓延。对这些故障的遥感通常将通过高分辨率、地震前和地震后的立体卫星图像分析来完成。然而，地面激光雷达测量也将在选定的地点使用，以增强立体衍生的表面模型，并可能允许进行超高分辨率(亚像素)卫星图像位移分析。这项工作的成果将包括：(1)一个全面的、开源的地球空间数据库，其中包含大约1,000平方公里区域内的地面故障清单(包括照片、地质、岩土和损坏/影响信息的地理参考档案)；(2)应用于地震地面故障的遥感方面的进展(例如，用于自动识别滑坡的改进的变化检测算法，以及关于大规模横向扩展的亚米级横向位移分析)；(3)量化地球物理因素(地形、地质和震动强度)与地面故障特征之间联系的一系列经验关系；(4)地面故障地理空间数据库模板，将作为今后地震地理存档工作的样板；(5)公开分发非技术性教育单元，以促进公众和决策者更好地了解地震的后果。影响美国和海外的更广泛的影响包括：为团队中的学生提供丰富的外国研究经验，促进西班牙裔学生的研究生教育，进一步加强美国和拉丁美洲研究社区之间的联系，以及帮助当地官员规划和减轻发展中国家秘鲁地震危险的急需信息。

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009(Public Law 111-5)Large earthquakes that strike populated regions present invaluable opportunities to improve our understanding of seismic hazards, and advance the state-of-practice in engineering and science through investigation and analysis of case histories. Traditionally, earthquake case studies in geotechnical engineering have been undertaken at the site-specific scale, leading to many key advancements in the field. Increasingly, however, it is recognized that earthquake impacts extend over vast areas and have unique spatial signatures that are a function of regional-scale factors such as geologic setting, ground motion intensity, and land use patterns. Moreover, the highly networked nature of modern infrastructure systems with their internal feedback loops, potential for cascading failures, and sensitivity to extreme events, suggest that that the consequences of earthquakes be considered within a larger spatial framework. Advancements in the field of remote sensing, combined with new opportunities in information management and spatial analysis, provide a promising new direction for earthquake studies that needs to be taken advantage of.This research will use remote sensing, geotechnical investigations, and traditional "boots-on-the-ground" reconnaissance information to collect, process, interpret, and digitally archive ground failure events (landslides and a massive, several km2 lateral spread) from a large portion of the mesoseismal region of the 2007 Mw8.0 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. The research plan is guided by the vision of using state-of-the-art remote sensing and data management tools to establish the Pisco Earthquake as a fully documented "benchmark" ground failure event that will be permanently archived in a searchable, professionally curated NEEScentral data repository. Several factors make the Pisco Earthquake well suited for use as a benchmark ground failure event: (i) its effects were documented by a ground-based Geo-engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team immediately after the earthquake, (ii) the mesoseismal region spans a variety of land uses and geomorphic settings ranging from coastal plains to steep mountainous terrain more than 4,500-m in elevation, and (iii) a rich and varied "living laboratory" of earthquake effects ranging from severe soil liquefaction to massive rock avalanches occurred.The work draws on the expertise of a multidisciplinary, multiple-institution team with collective expertise in geotechnical earthquake engineering, remote sensing, and field data collection. It will focus on two main types of ground failures caused by earthquakes: landslides and lateral spreads. Remote sensing of these failures will generally be accomplished through high resolution, pre- and post-earthquake stereo satellite imagery analysis. However, terrestrial LiDAR measurements will also be used at select sites to enhance the stereo derived surface models, and potentially allow for ultra high resolution (sub-pixel) satellite image displacement analyses. Products of this work will include: (i) a comprehensive, open-source, geospatial database containing an inventory of ground failures over an approximately 1,000 km2 region (including geo-referenced archives of photographs, geological, geotechnical, and damage/impact information), (ii) advancements in remote sensing applied to earthquake ground failures (e.g. refined change detection algorithms for automated landslide identification, and sub-meter lateral displacement analysis on a massive lateral spread), (iii) a series of empirical relationships quantifying the link between geophysical factors (topography, geology, and shaking intensity) and ground failure characteristics, (iv) a geospatial database template for ground failures that will serve as a model for future earthquake geo-archiving efforts, and (v) openly disseminated non-technical educational modules to promote a better understanding of earthquake consequences among the general public and policy-makers. Broader impacts affecting those in the U.S. and abroad include: rich foreign research experiences for students on the team, fostering graduate education for Hispanic students, further strengthening of ties between U.S. and Latin American research communities, and much-needed information to assist local officials with earthquake hazard planning and mitigation in the developing nation of Peru.