Desalinated Water and Stability of Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Behavior of Corrosion Solids and Metal Release Phenomena

淡化水和饮用水分配系统的稳定性：腐蚀固体的行为和金属释放现象

• 批准号: 0931676
• 负责人: Gregory Korshin
• 金额: $ 37.51万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-11-01 至 2013-10-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0931676&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Desalinated; Water; Stability; Drinking; Distribution

0931676KorshinResearch Objectives and Approach: Use of desalinated water is rapidly increasing throughout the world, but potentially major unintended consequences of its introduction into existing drinking water distribution systems are unexplored. This study will determine mechanisms of corrosion of and metal release from iron, lead- and copper-containing materials exposed to desalinated water and its blends with conventionally treated water. The objective is to determine how gradual or abrupt changes of water chemistry (e.g., pH, concentrations of natural organic matter, NOM, phosphate) associated with the presence of desalinated water affect the formation and stability of corrosion scales and metal release from them. Another target is to determine conditions in which rapid destabilization of such scales can take place. This project will examine these processes based on a consistent approach that addresses: i) transient state and endpoints of corrosion in desalinated water; ii) kinetics of relevant structural transformations; iii) role of colloidal phenomena and NOM and iv) specificities of action of corrosion inhibitors. Work will be carried out using two modes of corrosion exposures with copper, iron and lead-containing-materials. Experiments with scales pre-formed in conventionally treated and exposed to desalinated water, and representative individual solid phases will also be carried out. Methodologically, the study will rely of diverse methods such as XRD, SEM/EDX, colloidal (size distribution, æ-potential and sequential filtration) measurements coupled with analytical determinations. Advanced experimental and interpretative methods will be used to generate knowledge that is indispensable for successful long-term use of desalinated water, a technology that plays an increasingly critical role in global sustainability. The intellectual merit of this project is based on 1) novel approaches to ascertain mechanisms and quantify contributions of physico-chemical processes (structural transformations, colloidal disaggregation and others) that are specific to desalinated water; 2) elucidation of critical indicators of the composition of corrosion scales that determine their instability and 3) development of approaches to prevent major metal release episodes in desalinated water. The applicants believe, to the best of their knowledge, this study is the first to address these issues based on fundamental science. This study will provide insight into issues that are increasingly important and visible not only for environmental professionals but for the general public in this country and globally. Results of this project will ultimately help protect public health and ensure sustainable functioning of drinking water infrastructure, a matter of great societal and economic concern. This project will also contribute to training, mentoring and overall development of the UW students, including their exposure to international issues via cooperation with Australian partner institutions, notably Australian Water Quality Centre in Adelaide. Results and techniques of this study will be integrated into the engineering curriculum at the University of Washington, presented at UW Undergraduate Research Symposium and to the general community at the UW Engineering Open House and BRIDGE seminars. The graduate students will enhance their mentoring and teaching abilities by interacting with the laboratory undergraduates, and by presenting their research at seminars and conferences. Elements of this research will be incorporated in an international project-based course (jointly with Tohoku University in Japan) for engineering freshmen. To increase the participation of underrepresented minority and women students in Engineering at the University of Washington, they will leverage the resources of the College of Engineering Advising and Diversity Center with whom the group has partnered in the past.

研究目标和方法：淡化水在全世界的使用正在迅速增加，但将其引入现有饮用水分配系统的潜在意想不到的重大后果尚未得到探索。这项研究将确定含铁、铅和铜的材料在淡化水及其与常规处理水的混合物中的腐蚀和金属释放的机理。目的是确定与淡化水的存在相关的水化学(例如，pH、天然有机物、NOM、磷酸盐的浓度)的渐进或突然变化如何影响腐蚀结垢的形成和稳定性以及金属的释放。另一个目标是确定发生这种规模迅速不稳定的条件。本项目将以一致的方法审查这些过程，涉及：i)淡化水中腐蚀的暂态和终点；ii)相关结构转变的动力学；iii)胶体现象的作用；以及(Iv)缓蚀剂作用的特殊性。工作将使用铜、铁和含铅材料的两种腐蚀暴露模式进行。还将进行在经过常规处理并暴露在淡化水中的结垢以及具有代表性的单个固体相的实验。在方法上，这项研究将依赖于不同的方法，如X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜/能谱、胶体(粒度分布、表面电位和顺序过滤)测量以及分析测定。将使用先进的实验和解释方法来产生对成功长期使用淡化水必不可少的知识，淡化水这项技术在全球可持续性方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。该项目的学术价值基于1)确定机制和量化淡化水特有的物理化学过程(结构变化、胶体分解和其他)的作用的新方法；2)阐明决定其不稳定性的腐蚀垢组成的关键指标；以及3)开发防止淡化水中主要金属释放事件的方法。申请者认为，据他们所知，这项研究是第一次以基础科学为基础来解决这些问题。这项研究将提供对日益重要和显而易见的问题的洞察，这些问题不仅对环境专业人员，而且对美国和全球的普通公众来说都是如此。该项目的成果最终将有助于保护公众健康，确保饮用水基础设施的可持续运作，这是一个重大的社会和经济问题。该项目还将促进威斯康星大学学生的培训、指导和全面发展，包括通过与澳大利亚合作机构合作，特别是与位于阿德莱德的澳大利亚水质中心的合作，帮助他们接触国际问题。这项研究的结果和技术将被整合到华盛顿大学的工程课程中，在华盛顿大学本科生研究研讨会上公布，并在华盛顿大学工程开放参观和桥梁研讨会上向普通社区介绍。研究生将通过与实验室本科生的互动以及在研讨会和会议上展示他们的研究来增强他们的指导和教学能力。这项研究的内容将被纳入一个以国际项目为基础的课程(与日本东北大学联合)，面向工程学一年级学生。为了增加华盛顿大学工程学专业代表不足的少数族裔和女性学生的参与，他们将利用工程学院咨询和多样性中心的资源，该组织过去曾与该中心合作。