Integrity of the Plant Golgi

知识价值。众所周知，植物、真菌和动物的细胞都含有细胞器，这些细胞器对细胞的生命起着至关重要的作用。尚待了解的是，细胞器的身份是如何建立和维持的。在这个项目中，植物高尔基体将被用作解决这个基本问题的模型。在植物中，高尔基体由高度可移动的膜堆组成，这些膜堆分散在另一个细胞器——内质网的小管上。植物高尔基体从近端和远端接收蛋白质和膜；它参与了它们的修饰和最终目的地的分类，以及包裹植物细胞的细胞壁的合成。膜蛋白通过高尔基体的流动以及外周相关蛋白的动态交换需要该细胞器的持续重塑。然而，在蛋白质和膜进出高尔基体的密集交通中，这些堆栈经受住了分散。这就提出了一个基本的生物学问题：高尔基体如何保持其完整性（即结构和组成）高尔基体的完整性取决于细胞器在蛋白质运输过程中动态维持其稳态结构和膜分布的能力。利用Brandizzi实验室专门为植物高尔基体开发的筛选技术，鉴定出一组独特的突变体，其中已建立的高尔基体标记部分错误定位于其他细胞器。这种筛选是令人兴奋和重要的，因为它为确定控制植物高尔基体完整性的机制的关键参与者奠定了基础。在本项目中，将对高尔基体突变体进行表征，以确定负责维持植物高尔基体结构和膜稳态分布的蛋白质。这项工作将导致关于细胞器生物发生和真核生物系统中高尔基结构和功能的重要差异的基本问题的答案。更广泛的影响。植物是生物圈发展的主要能源，所有动物都直接或间接地以植物为食。植物的分泌途径在将固定碳转化为富含能量的物质（如蛋白质、脂质和复合糖）的过程中起着重要作用。这些植物衍生产品不仅对营养很重要，而且有潜力被用作可再生燃料、润滑剂、纺织品和各种建筑材料。高尔基体是植物细胞壁生物合成和储存蛋白质沉积的关键细胞器。由于进化适应的结果，系统之间存在独特的变异，如果人类要充分挖掘植物作为地球生物分子主要提供者的全部潜力，研究植物高尔基体是很重要的。该项目还将使Brandizzi实验室继续参与教学和推广活动，向学生和教师传播植物科学的科学发现及其对我们社会的影响。

Intellectual merit. It is well established that cells of plants, fungi, and animals contain organelles that carry out vital functions for the life of a cell. What is yet to be learned is how the identity of organelles is established and maintained. In this project, the plant Golgi apparatus will be used as a model to address this fundamental question. In plants, the Golgi apparatus is composed of highly mobile stacks of membranes that are dispersed on tubules of another organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum. The plant Golgi receives proteins and membranes from proximal and distal locations; it is involved in their modification and sorting to their final destinations and in synthesizing the cell wall that encapsulates plant cells. The flow of membrane proteins through the Golgi as well as the dynamic exchange of peripherally associated proteins require continuous remodeling of this organelle. Yet, the stacks withstand dispersion during the intense traffic of proteins and membranes to and from the Golgi. This raises the fundamental biological question: How does the Golgi retain its integrity (i.e. architecture and composition) The integrity of the Golgi depends on the organelle's ability to dynamically maintain its steady-state architecture and membrane distribution during protein traffic. Using a screen specifically developed for the plant Golgi in the Brandizzi laboratory, a unique set of mutants was identified in which an established Golgi marker is partially mistargeted to other organelles. This screen is exciting and important because it sets the foundation for identifying key players of the machinery that controls plant Golgi integrity. In this project, characterization of the Golgi mutants will be carried out to identify the protein(s) responsible for the maintenance of the architecture and membrane steady-state distribution at the plant Golgi. This work will lead to answers to fundamental questions regarding organelle biogenesis and important differences in Golgi organization and function across eukaryotic biological systems. Broader impacts. Plants are the primary energy source of all biospheric development all animals survive on plants, both directly and indirectly. The secretory pathway of plants plays a fundamental role in the conversion of fixed carbon into energy-rich materials such as proteins, lipids, and complex sugars. These plant-derived products are important not only for nutrition, but they have the potential to be used as renewable fuels, lubricants, textiles, and building materials of all kinds. The plant Golgi is a key organelle in cell wall biosynthesis and storage protein deposition. Because unique variations exist among systems as a result of evolutionary adaptation, it is important to study the plant Golgi if humanity is to tap into the full potential of plants as primary providers of biomolecules on earth. This project will also enable to continue the Brandizzi lab's engagement in teaching and outreach activities to communicate to students and teachers the scientific discoveries in plant science and their impact on our society.