The Motivated Origins of the Cross Race Effect

这个项目调查了跨种族效应(CRE)的机制，即与其他种族组的成员相比，S更准确地识别自己种族组的成员的倾向。尽管CRE在实验背景下具有健壮性，但事实证明，很难就这种令人不安的影响达成令人满意的理论解释。也许对CRE最长久的解释是知觉专长假说。本质上，事实上的种族隔离导致个人没有跨种族面孔的经验，导致认知度更差。尽管这肯定是CRE的一部分，但最近的证据表明，这并不是故事的全部。为此，目前的研究将调查个性化SR和CR面孔的不同动机而不是不同的专业知识在多大程度上可以解释CRE。在12个实验中，这项提议测试了这样一个假设，即诱导感知者个性化面孔将显著提高识别能力，甚至可以单独解释CRE。这项研究检验了这样一种假设，即个性化动机可以通过共享的群体成员身份(例如，相同的种族面孔、共享的大学附属关系)、通过目标？行为(例如，一个人以强有力的方式行事)，甚至是通过自我中心主义(例如，目标与自我相似)。更重要的是，这些个性化的动机预计会改变人脸的处理方式。个性化的人脸(例如，SR人脸)预计会引起更多的关注，并将注意力吸引到面部的身份诊断区域(例如，眼睛)。最后，与专业知识模型直接矛盾的是，CRE的动机来源预测，在个人动机将群体视为同质(例如身份威胁)的情况下，实际上应该会减少表面上高度专业的SR人脸处理和识别。它针对的是一个长期的、现实世界的社会问题，通常使少数族裔人口处于不利地位。这里概述的研究将通过涉及不同的研究生和本科生研究人员来进行大量的研究生和本科生培训。最后，这种有动机的CRE模式提供了一种减少CRE潜在有害后果的新方法：个性化。PI计划传播这项研究的结果，具有潜在的现实世界影响，最终将激励感知者以不同的方式处理关于他人的信息。

This project investigates the mechanisms underlying the Cross-Race Effect (CRE), or the tendency to more accurately recognize members of one?s own racial group compared to members of other racial groups. Despite the robustness of the CRE across experimental contexts, coming to agreement on a satisfying theoretical account for this troubling effect has proven difficult. Perhaps the longest standing explanation for the CRE is the perceptual expertise hypothesis. In essence, de facto segregation leads to individuals having no experience with cross-race faces, leading to worse recognition. Although this is certainly part of the CRE, recent evidence suggests it is not the entire story. To this end, the current research will investigate the extent to which differential motives to individuate SR and CR faces rather than differential expertise, can account for the CRE. Across 12 experiments, this proposal tests the hypothesis that inducing perceivers to individuate faces will substantially improve recognition, and alone can even account for the CRE. This research tests the hypothesis that individuation motives can be induced through a shared group membership (e.g., a same-race face, a shared university affiliation), through a targets? behavior (e.g., an individual acting in a powerful manner), or even through egocentrism (e.g., a target being similar to the self). More importantly, these individuation motives are predicted to change how faces are processed. Individuated faces (e.g., SR faces) are predicted to elicit more attention and to draw attention toward identity-diagnostic regions of the face (e.g., the eyes). Finally, directly contradicting expertise models, the motivated origins of the CRE predict that under situations where individuals are motivated to perceive ingroups as homogeneous (e.g., identity threat) should actually reduce the ostensibly highly expert SR face processing and recognition. This targets a chronic, real-world social problem that typically disadvantages minority populations. The research outlined here will substantially graduate and undergraduate training by involving a diverse pool of graduate and undergraduate researchers. Finally, this motivated model of the CRE offers a novel means of reducing the potentially deleterious consequences of the CRE: individuation. The PI's plans to disseminate results of this research with potential real world impacts that will ultimately motivate perceivers to process information about others differently.