Doctoral Dissertation Research: Understanding the Epistemic Cultures of Transnational Field Sciences through an Ethnography of Andean Archaeology

这项博士研究探索了来自北美和南美的田野科学家之间的国际合作-特别是在智利和玻利维亚工作的智利、玻利维亚、美国和加拿大考古学家。研究方法包括对实验室、大学和发掘中的学术实践进行民族志研究。它旨在了解在北美和南美洲之间的后殖民关系以及日益壮大的新土著运动的背景下，科学知识是如何在国际、国家和地方各级产生和使用的。通过当地艾马拉社区和国际考古学家之间的合作民族志，该项目将确定实地科学如何挑战我们关于科学知识如何产生和传播的模型。当‘实验室’是景观中的一个无界空间，而‘科学家’包括土著工人和未受过训练的学生时，科学事实和数据如何被描述为权威、独立、普遍的知识？此外，在后殖民世界迅速变化的背景下，各国政府和地方社区都积极寻求从其研究成果和产品中分得一杯羹，田野科学是如何维持的？该项目超越了传统的科学研究范围，以确定在自然科学和实验室中开发的科学知识生产模式是否可以扩展到田野科学。它提出的问题是，正是由于其生产条件的原因，田野科学是否更愿意接受对其权威的挑战。随着国际科学研究转向更多地包容土著人民，提出了一些至关重要的问题，这些问题不仅对所产生的知识的类型和如何使用产生影响，而且对产生这种知识的人的权利也有影响。为了解决这些问题，这个论文项目将对我们对科学实践的认识以及人类学内部围绕科学家，包括人类学家在国际舞台上的作用的辩论产生影响。

This doctoral research explores international collaborations between field scientists from North and South America - specifically Chilean, Bolivian, US and Canadian archaeologists who work in Chile and Bolivia. The research methodology involves ethnographic study of academic practices in labs, universities and excavations. It aims to understand how scientific knowledge is generated and used at international, nation and local levels, in the context of postcolonial relations between North and South America, and a growing neo-indigenous movement. Through an ethnography of collaborations between local Aymara communities and international archaeologists, this project will determine how field sciences challenge our models of how scientific knowledge is produced and circulated. When the 'laboratory' is an unbounded space in the landscape, and the 'scientists' include indigenous workers and untrained students, how are scientific facts and data delineated as authoritative, independent, universal knowledge? Furthermore, how are field sciences sustained in the rapidly changing context of a postcolonial world, where both national governments and local communities actively seek a stake in the production and products of their research? This project looks beyond the traditional remit of science studies, to ascertain whether the models of scientific knowledge production developed in the natural sciences and in laboratories can be extended to field sciences. It asks whether, precisely because of the conditions of its production, field sciences are more open to challenges to their authority. As international scientific research shifts towards greater inclusion of indigenous peoples, questions of fundamental importance are raised about the implications not only for the type of knowledge produced and how it is used, but also for the rights of those that produce it. In addressing these questions, this dissertation project will have an impact both on our knowledge of scientific practice, and on debates within anthropology surrounding the role of scientists, including anthropologists, on the international stage.