Doctoral Dissertation Research: Understanding the Epistemic Cultures of Transnational Field Sciences through an Ethnography of Andean Archaeology

这项博士研究探索了来自北美和南美的实地科学家之间的国际合作-特别是智利，玻利维亚，美国和加拿大的考古学家在智利和玻利维亚工作。研究方法包括对实验室、大学和发掘的学术实践进行人种学研究。它旨在了解科学知识是如何在国际、国家和地方层面产生和使用的，在北美和南美之间的后殖民关系的背景下，以及日益增长的新土著运动。通过当地艾马拉社区和国际考古学家之间合作的民族志，该项目将确定实地科学如何挑战我们的科学知识如何产生和传播的模式。当“实验室”是景观中的一个无限空间，“科学家”包括土著工人和未经训练的学生时，科学事实和数据如何被描绘成权威的、独立的、普遍的知识？此外，在国家政府和地方社区都积极寻求在其研究的生产和产品中分一杯羹的情况下，如何在后殖民世界快速变化的背景下维持实地科学？这个项目超越了科学研究的传统范围，以确定在自然科学和实验室中开发的科学知识生产模型是否可以扩展到实地科学。它提出的问题是，是否正是由于其生产条件，野外科学更容易受到对其权威的挑战。随着国际科学研究转向更多地包容土著人民，提出了一些至关重要的问题，不仅涉及所产生的知识类型及其使用方式的影响，而且涉及产生知识的人的权利。在解决这些问题时，本论文项目将对我们对科学实践的认识以及围绕科学家（包括人类学家）在国际舞台上的作用的人类学辩论产生影响。

This doctoral research explores international collaborations between field scientists from North and South America - specifically Chilean, Bolivian, US and Canadian archaeologists who work in Chile and Bolivia. The research methodology involves ethnographic study of academic practices in labs, universities and excavations. It aims to understand how scientific knowledge is generated and used at international, nation and local levels, in the context of postcolonial relations between North and South America, and a growing neo-indigenous movement. Through an ethnography of collaborations between local Aymara communities and international archaeologists, this project will determine how field sciences challenge our models of how scientific knowledge is produced and circulated. When the 'laboratory' is an unbounded space in the landscape, and the 'scientists' include indigenous workers and untrained students, how are scientific facts and data delineated as authoritative, independent, universal knowledge? Furthermore, how are field sciences sustained in the rapidly changing context of a postcolonial world, where both national governments and local communities actively seek a stake in the production and products of their research? This project looks beyond the traditional remit of science studies, to ascertain whether the models of scientific knowledge production developed in the natural sciences and in laboratories can be extended to field sciences. It asks whether, precisely because of the conditions of its production, field sciences are more open to challenges to their authority. As international scientific research shifts towards greater inclusion of indigenous peoples, questions of fundamental importance are raised about the implications not only for the type of knowledge produced and how it is used, but also for the rights of those that produce it. In addressing these questions, this dissertation project will have an impact both on our knowledge of scientific practice, and on debates within anthropology surrounding the role of scientists, including anthropologists, on the international stage.