Doctoral Dissertation Research; A New Reward System for Academic Science.

大卫·R·约翰森乔治亚大学摘要：学术科学中的一种新的报酬制度？这项研究解决了以下问题：以商业为导向的报酬制度如何在学术科学中运作？自1980年以来，大学和行业之间的界限被侵蚀，导致科学院科学家以专利和公司的形式加速了科学发现的商业化。虽然同行对发现的优先权的认可传统上被认为是对角色表现的主要奖励，但将科学发现商业化利用的能力使经济奖励在学术科学奖励体系中发挥了与认可同等甚至更强大的作用。由于商业化的前提是知识私营化和基于市场的工作评估，因此可能还会出现新的科学规范，这可能与社区共享、同行评估贡献的传统做法相矛盾。因此，学术界的科学家会接触到对科学角色、职业规范和科学行为的奖励的不同概念。为了解决这个问题，将在四所大学对60名学术科学家进行采访。这项研究采用了一种理论抽样策略，比较了公立和私立大学中以商业为导向的科学家和非商业科学家，平均分配给在商业化学术科学开始之前和之后获得博士学位的科学家。将对数据进行分析，以解释当代关于科学角色的概念、将科学商业化的动机、科学规范的特征，以及科学奖励制度的运作及其后果。这项研究建立在现有的对学术科学商业化的分析基础上，通过检查科学家赋予的含义以及他们从事商业实践的动机。此外，通过纳入拒绝商业化的科学家，它质疑了商业化被广泛接受或传统科学规范不起作用的假设。最后，这项研究将提供关于学术职业的稳定性以及制约和促进科学成就的大学属性的说明。

David R. JohnsonUniversity of GeorgiaABSTRACT: A NEW REWARD SYSTEM IN ACADEMIC SCIENCE?This study addresses the following question: How does a commercially-oriented reward system operate in academic science? Since 1980, the erosion of boundaries between universities and industry has resulted in acceleration in the commercialization of scientific discoveries in the form of patents and companies generated by scientists in the academy. Whereas peer recognition of priority in discovery has traditionally been considered the chief reward for role performance, the ability to commercially-exploit scientific discovery has enabled financial rewards to play an equal and perhaps more powerful role as recognition in the system of rewards in academic science. Because commercialization is predicated on the privatization of knowledge and market-based evaluations of work, new norms of science have also likely emerged that may contradict traditional practices of community-shared, peer-evaluated contributions. Consequently, scientists in academe are exposed to different conceptions of the scientific role, occupational norms, and rewards for scientific conduct.To address this question, sixty interviews with academic scientists will be conducted at four universities. The study employs a theoretical sampling strategy that compares commercially-oriented scientists and non-commercial scientists at public and private universities, evenly divided between scientists who received their PhDs before and after the onset of commercialized academic science. Data will be analyzed to explain contemporary conceptions of the scientific role, motivations to commercialize science, the character of scientific norms, and the operation of the scientific reward system and its consequences. This research builds on existing analyses of the commercialization of academic science by examining the meanings scientists assign, and their motivations to engage in, commercial practices. Moreover, through inclusion of scientists who reject commercialization, it questions assumptions that commercialization is widely accepted or that traditional scientific norms are inoperative. Finally, the study will provide an account of the stability of the academic profession and attributes of universities that constrain and enable scientific achievement.