Collaborative Research: Sources of Black Carbon, Methane Sulfonic Acid, and Other Particulate Constituents over 45 Years in the Arctic

颗粒在全球气候中很重要，而黑碳(BC)颗粒尤为重要，因为它们直接吸收阳光，使大气变暖。BC在冰/雪表面的沉积改变了其反照率并促进了融化。北极的公元前气候来自北半球的大部分地区。在这45年里，不列颠哥伦比亚省地区的排放量发生了巨大的变化。因此，为了制定限制向北极输送BC和其他PM的战略，确定区域颗粒物质量(PM)的贡献是至关重要的。气候的变化也影响了生物硫酸盐颗粒的产生，从而增加了负辐射强迫。克拉克森大学和纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼/健康研究公司/纽约卫生部与芬兰气象研究所合作的这个项目将通过分析在芬兰凯沃收集的存档样本，在一个地点开发世界上最长的北极雾霾PM成分记录(45年时间序列)。这项工作将：(1)连续45年测定KEVO的BC、SO4(硫酸盐)、甲烷磺酸(MSA)和其他选定离子、阳离子和微量元素的浓度；(2)调查季节性影响；(3)使用最先进的统计方法，以及气团返回轨迹，确定不同排放区和源类型对北极地区的贡献。这个项目有以下更广泛的影响。由此产生的北极PM组分变化的长期记录及其分析将提高我们对北极近半个世纪以来变化的理解。可以从这些数据中收集对大气传输和化学变化的见解，并确定可能延伸到未来的趋势。经过彻底分析和质量保证的数据集将提供给科学界，用于比较北极BC和硫酸盐的长期趋势，以便进行模型评估。其他物种和数据分析将确定这45年来PM的来源。吸收和散射颗粒的相对浓度将在这一关键地理区域确定。

Particles are important in the global climate and black carbon (BC) particles are disproportionately important because they absorb sunlight directly warming the atmosphere. Deposition of BC on ice/snow surfaces changes its albedo and enhances melting. The Arctic receives its BC from much of the northern hemisphere. Regional BC emissions have dramatically changed over these 45 years. Therefore, to develop strategies to limit BC and other PM transported to the Arctic, it is essential to determine the regional particulate mass (PM) contributions. The changing climate also affects the production of biogenic sulfate particles that increases the negative radiative forcing. This collaborative project between Clarkson University and SUNY Albany/ Health Research, Inc/ NYS Health Department with the cooperation of the Finnish Meteorological Institute will develop the world's longest record (45 year time series) of PM compositions of Arctic Haze at a single location by analyzing archived samples collected at Kevo, Finland. This work will: (1) determine the concentrations of BC, SO4 (sulfate), methane sulfonic acid (MSA), and other selected ions, cations and trace elements at Kevo for 45 continuous years; (2) investigate seasonal effects; (3) use state-of-the-art statistical methods, and air parcel back trajectories to determine the contributions of various emission regions and source types to the Arctic region. This project has the following broader impacts. The resulting long term record of Arctic PM composition variation and its analyses will improve our understanding of Arctic change over nearly a half century. Insights into atmospheric transport and chemical transformation can be gleaned from these data, and identify trends that may extend into the future. The thoroughly analyzed and quality assured data set will be available to the scientific community for comparison of long-term BC and sulfate trends in the Arctic for model evaluations. The other species and data analysis will identify the PM sources over these 45 years. The relative concentrations of absorbing and scattering particles will be determined in this critical geographical area.