Collaborative Research: Sources of Black Carbon, Methane Sulfonic Acid, and Other Particulate Constituents over 45 Years in the Arctic

颗粒在全球气候中很重要，而黑碳（BC）颗粒尤为重要，因为它们直接吸收阳光，使大气变暖。BC在冰雪表面的沉积改变了其反照率并加速了融化。北极接受来自北半球大部分地区的BC。在这45年里，不列颠哥伦比亚省的地区排放量发生了巨大变化。因此，为了制定限制BC和其他PM输送到北极的策略，确定区域颗粒物质量（PM）贡献是至关重要的。气候变化还影响生物成因硫酸盐颗粒的产生，从而增加负辐射强迫。克拉克森大学和纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校/健康研究公司/纽约州卫生部在芬兰气象研究所的合作下，将通过分析在芬兰凯沃收集的存档样本，在单一地点开发世界上最长的北极雾霾PM成分记录（45年时间序列）。本工作将：(1)连续45年测定凯沃的BC、SO4（硫酸盐）、甲烷磺酸（MSA）和其他选定离子、阳离子和微量元素的浓度；(2)调查季节效应；(3)利用最先进的统计方法和大气包裹回传轨迹，确定不同排放区和源类型对北极地区的贡献。该项目具有以下更广泛的影响。由此产生的北极PM组成变化的长期记录及其分析将提高我们对近半个世纪北极变化的理解。从这些数据中可以深入了解大气运输和化学转化，并确定可能延伸到未来的趋势。经过全面分析和质量保证的数据集将提供给科学界，用于比较北极的长期BC和硫酸盐趋势，以进行模式评估。其他物种和数据分析将确定这45年的PM来源。将在这一关键地理区域确定吸收和散射粒子的相对浓度。

Particles are important in the global climate and black carbon (BC) particles are disproportionately important because they absorb sunlight directly warming the atmosphere. Deposition of BC on ice/snow surfaces changes its albedo and enhances melting. The Arctic receives its BC from much of the northern hemisphere. Regional BC emissions have dramatically changed over these 45 years. Therefore, to develop strategies to limit BC and other PM transported to the Arctic, it is essential to determine the regional particulate mass (PM) contributions. The changing climate also affects the production of biogenic sulfate particles that increases the negative radiative forcing. This collaborative project between Clarkson University and SUNY Albany/ Health Research, Inc/ NYS Health Department with the cooperation of the Finnish Meteorological Institute will develop the world's longest record (45 year time series) of PM compositions of Arctic Haze at a single location by analyzing archived samples collected at Kevo, Finland. This work will: (1) determine the concentrations of BC, SO4 (sulfate), methane sulfonic acid (MSA), and other selected ions, cations and trace elements at Kevo for 45 continuous years; (2) investigate seasonal effects; (3) use state-of-the-art statistical methods, and air parcel back trajectories to determine the contributions of various emission regions and source types to the Arctic region. This project has the following broader impacts. The resulting long term record of Arctic PM composition variation and its analyses will improve our understanding of Arctic change over nearly a half century. Insights into atmospheric transport and chemical transformation can be gleaned from these data, and identify trends that may extend into the future. The thoroughly analyzed and quality assured data set will be available to the scientific community for comparison of long-term BC and sulfate trends in the Arctic for model evaluations. The other species and data analysis will identify the PM sources over these 45 years. The relative concentrations of absorbing and scattering particles will be determined in this critical geographical area.