Doctoral Dissertation Research: Under the Penal Gaze: An Empirical Examination of Penal Consciousness Among Prison Inmates

这项研究的目的是更全面地了解两种不同的管教管理方式--间接管教和直接管教--对被监禁人口的相对影响。间接监督的特点是警官和囚犯之间的面对面接触最少，通常在传统的直线型住房设计的监狱中实行。相比之下，直接监督需要在有大片公共区域的狭小住房单元中更频繁地进行警官和囚犯之间的互动。直接监管是一种相对较新的囚犯管理策略，被联邦监狱管理局、美国惩教协会和国家惩教研究所称赞为一种“最佳做法”。本研究采用比较、定性的设计来理解直接监督和间接监督的细微差别和运作方式。通过使用对囚犯的深度访谈数据来建立刑罚意识这一新概念的框架--定义为囚犯如何理解和定位他们被监禁为惩罚的方式--然后探索不同环境下不同群体囚犯的刑罚意识。通过利用刑罚意识框架更好地理解直接监督，本研究改进了在真空中接近囚犯管理的基本上是理论上的直接监督工作，脱离了当前对监狱环境的理论理解。此外，它的定性设计扩大了调查范围，涵盖了囚犯如何经历并将监禁作为惩罚的更全面、更具情境化的观点。通过比较、定性的设计，这项研究通过突出对受罚者的解释，为关于监禁的理论、经验和政策文献提供信息，以便更全面地理解惩罚作为一种生活经验和一种国家项目的轮廓。

The purpose of this research is to more fully understand the relative impacts of two different styles of correctional management - indirect and direct supervision - on incarcerated populations. Indirect supervision is characterized by minimal face-to-face contact between officers and inmates and is often practiced in prisons with traditional, linear-style housing designs. In contrast, direct supervision entails more frequent interaction between officers and inmates in podular housing units with large common areas. Direct supervision is a relatively new inmate management strategy that has been lauded as a "best practice" by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the American Correctional Association, and the National Institute of Corrections. This research uses a comparative, qualitative design to understand the nuances and workings of both direct and indirect supervision. It does so by using data from in-depth interviews with prisoners to establish a framework for the new concept of penal consciousness - defined as the ways in which prisoners understand and orient to their incarceration as punishment - and then exploring penal consciousness among different populations of prisoners in different settings.By utilizing a penal consciousness framework to better understand direct supervision, this research improves upon the largely atheoretical work on direct supervision that has approached inmate management in a vacuum, divorced from current theoretical understandings of carceral environments. Further, its qualitative design expands the scope of inquiry to encompass a fuller, more contextualized view of how prisoners experience and orient to incarceration as punishment. Through its comparative, qualitative design, this research informs the theoretical, empirical, and policy literatures on incarceration by bringing to the fore the interpretations of those who are punished in order to develop a more complete understanding of the contours of punishment as both a lived experience and a state project.