Doctoral Dissertation Research: Under the Penal Gaze: An Empirical Examination of Penal Consciousness Among Prison Inmates

本研究的目的是更充分地了解两种不同类型的惩教管理-间接和直接监督-对监禁人口的相对影响。间接监管的特点是官员与囚犯之间的面对面接触最少，通常在具有传统直线式住房设计的监狱中实行。 相比之下，直接监管需要官员和囚犯在有大面积公共区域的豆荚状住房单元中进行更频繁的互动。直接监管是一种相对较新的囚犯管理策略，被联邦监狱局、美国惩教协会和国家惩教研究所称赞为"最佳做法"。本研究采用比较的定性设计，以了解直接和间接监督的细微差别和运作。本研究利用对囚犯进行深入访谈的数据，建立了一个新的刑罚意识概念框架-定义为囚犯理解和适应作为惩罚的监禁的方式-然后探讨不同环境下不同群体囚犯的刑罚意识。这项研究改进了在真空中接近囚犯管理的直接监督的主要理论工作，脱离了当前对监狱环境的理论理解。此外，它的定性设计扩大了调查范围，包括一个更全面，更背景化的观点，囚犯如何体验和定向监禁作为惩罚。通过其比较，定性的设计，本研究通知监禁的理论，实证和政策文献，通过把那些谁是惩罚的解释，以发展一个更完整的理解惩罚的轮廓，作为一个活生生的经验和国家项目。

The purpose of this research is to more fully understand the relative impacts of two different styles of correctional management - indirect and direct supervision - on incarcerated populations. Indirect supervision is characterized by minimal face-to-face contact between officers and inmates and is often practiced in prisons with traditional, linear-style housing designs. In contrast, direct supervision entails more frequent interaction between officers and inmates in podular housing units with large common areas. Direct supervision is a relatively new inmate management strategy that has been lauded as a "best practice" by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the American Correctional Association, and the National Institute of Corrections. This research uses a comparative, qualitative design to understand the nuances and workings of both direct and indirect supervision. It does so by using data from in-depth interviews with prisoners to establish a framework for the new concept of penal consciousness - defined as the ways in which prisoners understand and orient to their incarceration as punishment - and then exploring penal consciousness among different populations of prisoners in different settings.By utilizing a penal consciousness framework to better understand direct supervision, this research improves upon the largely atheoretical work on direct supervision that has approached inmate management in a vacuum, divorced from current theoretical understandings of carceral environments. Further, its qualitative design expands the scope of inquiry to encompass a fuller, more contextualized view of how prisoners experience and orient to incarceration as punishment. Through its comparative, qualitative design, this research informs the theoretical, empirical, and policy literatures on incarceration by bringing to the fore the interpretations of those who are punished in order to develop a more complete understanding of the contours of punishment as both a lived experience and a state project.