Reconciling Local Livelihoods with Global Production Networks in Yucatan, Mexico

近年来，随着学者和政策制定者寻求促进小规模生产者融入全球商品链的战略，农业食品生产和分销网络的转型已成为一个具有全球重要性的问题。为了使全球农粮网络的结构和治理概念化，评估相关的经济利益分配，并为改善小规模生产者的生计提供政策处方，研究人员和决策者采用了两个影响力越来越大的分析框架：全球价值链分析和全球生产网络框架。尽管存在重大差异，但全球价值链和全球产品网络都将参与全球生产和分配系统的好处以及相应的生计影响概念化，仅仅从经济价值的产生、提高（升级）和获取（分配）的角度来看待。然而，全球南方的绝大多数小规模农业和畜牧业生产者同时嵌入替代性非市场交换体系，他们的生计不仅仅是根据市场资本主义关系来定义的。全球价值链和全球优先网框架没有承认全球南方农村生计的现实，提出了一种单一的发展观，这种发展观优先重视价值，并含蓄地将小规模生产者描绘成处于萌芽状态的小型资本主义企业。因此，全球价值链分析和全球产品网络框架都有一个基本的概念和理论缺陷，从这些方法中得出的政策处方错误地判断了小规模生产者未能从融入全球网络中获益，无意中将大多数小规模生产者排除在参与全球农粮体系的利益之外。贸易公司和消费者在改变墨西哥尤卡坦州智利哈瓦那雪茄的生产和销售系统方面的作用以及随之而来的对小规模生产者生计的影响，将在三个重要方面为全球方案网络的理论和经验文献作出贡献。一方面，该项目侧重于尤卡坦现有的生计做法以及替代性非市场交换制度与全球生产网络之间的界面，而不是简单地将发展和生计等同于价值和市场资本主义的理想化单一形式，从而解决了全球伙伴网络框架中的一个基本概念和理论缺陷。此外，日本休闲食品生产商和消费者的案例研究解决了另一个公认的缺点的全球PN框架，它未能明确概念化的机构，最终消费者在改变全球生产网络的结构和治理。此外，通过揭示政策框架如何优先创造、提高和获取经济价值，而无意中使小规模生产者边缘化，该项目将通过促进哈瓦那雪茄种植者与其他利益攸关方之间的合作，为改善尤卡坦州的农村生计作出贡献。该项目还将有助于改变地方政策竞技场，以便在全球农粮网络中为小规模生产者“腾出空间”。

The transformation of agrifood production and distribution networks has emerged as an issue of global importance in recent years as both scholars and policymakers have sought strategies to promote the integration of small-scale producers in global commodity chains. In order to conceptualize the structure and governance of global agrifood networks, assess the related distribution of economic benefits, and offer policy prescriptions for improving the livelihoods of small-scale producers, researchers and policymakers have employed two increasingly influential analytical frameworks: global value chain (GVC) analysis and the global production networks (GPN) framework. Notwithstanding important differences, both GVC and GPN approaches conceptualize the benefits of participation in global production and distribution systems, and corresponding livelihood implications, solely in terms of the generation, enhancement (upgrading), and capture (distribution) of economic value. However, the vast majority of small-scale agricultural and livestock producers in the Global South are simultaneously embedded in alternative non-market systems of exchange and their livelihoods are not defined solely in terms of market capitalist relations. In failing to acknowledge the reality of rural livelihoods in the Global South, GVC and GPN frameworks present a singular vision of development, which privileges value and implicitly portrays small-scale producers as embryonic small capitalist enterprises. As a consequence, both GVC analysis and the GPN framework share a fundamental conceptual and theoretical flaw and policy prescriptions drawn from these approaches misdiagnose the failure of small-scale producers to benefit from integration with global networks and inadvertently exclude the majority of small-scale producers from the benefits of participation in global agrifood systems.This project, focusing on the role of Japanese snack food producers, trading companies and consumers in transforming the production and distribution systems of chile habanero in Yucatán, Mexico and concomitant livelihood implications among small-scale producers, will contribute to the theoretical and empirical literature on GPNs in three important ways. On the one hand, by focusing on existing livelihood practices in Yucatán and the interface between alternative non-market systems of exchange and global production networks, rather than simply equating development and livelihoods with value and an idealized singular form of market capitalism, the project resolves a fundamental conceptual and theoretical flaw in the GPN framework. In addition, the case study of Japanese snack food producers and consumers addresses another perceived shortcoming of the GPN framework, its failure to conceptualize explicitly the agency of final consumers in transforming the structure and governance of global production networks. Furthermore, by revealing how policy frameworks which privilege the generation, enhancement and capture of economic value and which inadvertently marginalize small-scale producers, this project will contribute to improving rural livelihoods in Yucatán by promoting collaboration between habanero growers and other stakeholders. The project will also contribute to transforming the local policy arena in order to "make space" for small-scale producers within global agrifood networks.