Photochemical Fate of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Simulated and Natural Surface Waters

PI：William Coper Proposal编号：CBET-1034555机构：加州大学欧文分校题目：模拟和天然地表水中药物活性化合物的光化学命运排名前200名的药物和200种仿制药在2007年的总市场价值为1710亿美元。因此，在天然水域中发现具有药用活性的化合物(药物)并不令人惊讶，因为它们在废水处理过程中被部分去除。据报道，在治疗后的饮用水中也出现了这种情况。废水和水处理系统的设计都不能去除微量的有机化合物。由于它们可能对人类健康和生态造成影响，即使是在微量浓度下，这个问题也引起了公众、科学家和工程师以及监管团体的关注。这项建议旨在更好地了解阳光诱导的10种药物化合物的直接和间接光化学，以更好地确定它们的环境命运。已经获得了四种化合物的初步数据，这些数据为我们的研究方法提供了依据，并确定了实验方法。了解药物在自然水域中的环境命运对于最终预测环境风险至关重要。技术方法将涉及详细研究根据销售情况和代表其他药物化合物的分子结构选择的10种药物化合物。这项研究项目有一个首要目标：洞察选定的药物化合物在环境中的命运，重点是它们在自然水域中由阳光诱导的光化学命运。这项研究的变革性方面将是开发评估所有光化学途径的方法，这些途径解释了天然水域中化学品的命运，然后能够定量地将药物的损失分摊到各种途径。这一目标将通过检验两个最重要的假设来实现：(A)在电子吸收光谱大于300 nm(即与太阳光谱重叠)的化合物中将发生直接太阳光光解，以及(B)间接光解，即与光化学产生的单线态氧、羟基自由基或激发态溶解有机物的反应，将在减弱这些药物的自然水浓度方面发挥主要作用。该项目将扩大参与水中药物问题的工程师和科学家可用的知识体系。该项目将通过REU补编支持一名初级研究助理、一名研究生和可能的本科生。这项研究将涉及加州州立大学的两个校区，长滩和洛杉矶，这两个少数族裔服务机构，以开发一条？管道？高素质本科生和研究生(M.S.)学生到加州大学学院。UCI本科生还将在UCI本科生研究机会项目资助的暑期工作。这项工作还将通过教师研究经验(RET)补充材料让一名高中教师参与。在UCI接受指导的高中生将在夏季几个月和整个学年参与到这个项目中，如果时间表允许的话。一部20-30分钟的高清纪录片？水中的药物？都会被制作出来。然后可以在公开讲座、高中和国际扶轮会议等公共场所使用，并将在城市水研究中心？S的网站上找到。还将制作一个更短的版本，用于教育机会，例如怀兰基金会？S移动学习中心。这个学习中心在美国各地巡回演出，最近还去了墨西哥。现在支持水创新的网络内容，这是一项针对K-12年级学生的竞赛，有能力做出改变，将作为该项目的一部分。

PI: William CooperProposal Number: CBET-1034555Institution: University of California - IrvineTitle: Photochemical Fate of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Simulated and Natural Surface WatersThe top 200 named and 200 generic drugs had a total market value of U$171 billion in2007. Therefore, it is not surprising that pharmaceutically active compounds (pharmaceuticals) are being found in natural waters due to their partial removal during wastewater treatment. They have also been reported in drinking water, after treatment. Neither wastewater nor water treatment systems were designed to remove trace concentrations of organic compounds. Because of their possible human health effects and ecological impacts, even at trace concentrations, this issue has raised concern among the public, scientists and engineers, and regulatory groups. This proposal seeks to better understand the sunlight induced, direct and indirect, photochemistry of 10 pharmaceutical compounds to better define their environmental fate. Preliminary data has been obtained for four compounds that informs our research approach and defines experimental methods. Knowledge of the environmental fate of a pharmaceuticals in natural waters is critical to eventually predicting environmental risk.The technical approach will involve studying in detail 10 pharmaceutical compounds selected on the basis of their sales and molecular structures representative of other pharmaceutical compounds. This research project has one overarching goal: To provide insight into the environmental fate of selected pharmaceutical compounds, with the emphasis on their sunlight induced photochemical fate in natural waters. The transformative aspect of this study will be developing methodologies for assessing all of the photochemical pathways that account for the fate of chemicals in natural waters, and, then be able to apportion the loss of the pharmaceuticals to the various pathways, quantitatively. This goal will be achieved through testing two overarching hypothesis: (a) direct sunlight photolysis will occur in those compounds that have electronic absorbance spectra above 300 nm (i.e. overlap with the solar spectrum), and (b) indirect photolysis, reactions with photochemically produced singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical or excited state dissolved organic matter, will play a major role in attenuating natural water concentrations of these pharmaceuticals.This project will expand the body of knowledge available to engineers and scientists involved in the issue of pharmaceuticals in water. The project will support a junior research associate, a graduate student and potentially undergraduate students through a REU Supplement. The research will involve two California State University campuses, Long Beach and Los Angeles, minority serving institutions, to develop a ?pipeline? of highly qualified undergraduate and graduate (M.S.) students to UCI. UCI undergraduate students will also work in the summer funded by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program at UCI. The work will also involve a high school teacher through a Research Experience for Teachers (RET) Supplement. High school students being mentored at UCI will be involved in this project over the summer months and through the school year if schedules permit. A 20-30 minute HD documentary on ?Pharmaceuticals in Water? will be produced. This can then be used in public lectures, high schools and public venues such as Rotary International meetings, and will be available on the Urban Water Research Center?s web site. A shorter version will also be produced to be used for educational opportunities, such as the Wyland Foundation?s Mobile Learning Center. This learning center travels around the US and recently went into Mexico, as well. Web content to support Water Innovation Now, a contest for K-12 graders, empowered to make a difference, will be produced as part of this project.