Photochemical Fate of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Simulated and Natural Surface Waters

项目负责人：威廉·库伯提案编号：cbet -1034555机构：加州大学欧文分校标题：模拟和天然地表水中药物活性化合物的光化学命运2007年，排名前200位的命名药和200种仿制药的总市场价值为1710亿美元。因此，在天然水中发现具有药用活性的化合物（药物）并不奇怪，因为它们在废水处理过程中被部分去除。在处理后的饮用水中也有报道。废水和水处理系统的设计都不是为了去除微量的有机化合物浓度。由于它们可能对人类健康和生态造成影响，即使是微量浓度，这一问题也引起了公众、科学家和工程师以及监管团体的关注。该提案旨在更好地了解10种药物化合物的阳光诱导，直接和间接光化学，以更好地定义它们的环境命运。已经获得了四种化合物的初步数据，这些数据为我们的研究方法提供了依据，并定义了实验方法。了解药物在天然水体中的环境命运对最终预测环境风险至关重要。该技术方法将包括详细研究根据其销售情况和具有代表性的其他药物化合物的分子结构选择的10种药物化合物。该研究项目有一个总体目标：提供对选定药物化合物的环境命运的洞察，重点是它们在自然水域中由阳光诱导的光化学命运。这项研究的变革方面将是开发评估所有光化学途径的方法，这些途径解释了自然水中化学物质的命运，然后能够定量地分配药物在各种途径上的损失。这一目标将通过测试两个总体假设来实现：(a)直接阳光光解作用将发生在那些电子吸收光谱超过300 nm（即与太阳光谱重叠）的化合物中；(b)间接光解作用，与光化学产生的单线态氧、羟基自由基或激发态溶解的有机物质发生反应，将在降低这些药物的天然水浓度方面发挥主要作用。这个项目将扩大工程师和科学家在水中药物问题方面的知识体系。该项目将通过REU补充资助一名初级研究助理、一名研究生和潜在的本科生。这项研究将涉及加州州立大学的两个校区，长滩和洛杉矶，少数族裔服务机构，以开发一个“管道”。为UCI提供高素质的本科生和研究生（M.S.）。UCI的本科生也将在UCI的本科生研究机会计划资助的夏季工作。这项工作还将涉及一名高中教师，通过教师研究经验（RET）补充。如果时间安排允许，在UCI接受辅导的高中生将在夏季和整个学年参与这个项目。20-30分钟的高清纪录片？水中的药物？将被生产出来。然后可以在公开讲座、高中和国际扶轮会议等公共场所使用，并将在城市水研究中心提供。美国网站。还将制作一个较短的版本，用于教育机会，如威兰基金会？s移动学习中心。这个学习中心在美国各地巡回，最近还进入了墨西哥。作为该项目的一部分，将制作支持“现在就创新水”（Water Innovation Now）的网络内容，这是一项为K-12年级学生举办的竞赛，让他们有能力做出改变。

PI: William CooperProposal Number: CBET-1034555Institution: University of California - IrvineTitle: Photochemical Fate of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Simulated and Natural Surface WatersThe top 200 named and 200 generic drugs had a total market value of U$171 billion in2007. Therefore, it is not surprising that pharmaceutically active compounds (pharmaceuticals) are being found in natural waters due to their partial removal during wastewater treatment. They have also been reported in drinking water, after treatment. Neither wastewater nor water treatment systems were designed to remove trace concentrations of organic compounds. Because of their possible human health effects and ecological impacts, even at trace concentrations, this issue has raised concern among the public, scientists and engineers, and regulatory groups. This proposal seeks to better understand the sunlight induced, direct and indirect, photochemistry of 10 pharmaceutical compounds to better define their environmental fate. Preliminary data has been obtained for four compounds that informs our research approach and defines experimental methods. Knowledge of the environmental fate of a pharmaceuticals in natural waters is critical to eventually predicting environmental risk.The technical approach will involve studying in detail 10 pharmaceutical compounds selected on the basis of their sales and molecular structures representative of other pharmaceutical compounds. This research project has one overarching goal: To provide insight into the environmental fate of selected pharmaceutical compounds, with the emphasis on their sunlight induced photochemical fate in natural waters. The transformative aspect of this study will be developing methodologies for assessing all of the photochemical pathways that account for the fate of chemicals in natural waters, and, then be able to apportion the loss of the pharmaceuticals to the various pathways, quantitatively. This goal will be achieved through testing two overarching hypothesis: (a) direct sunlight photolysis will occur in those compounds that have electronic absorbance spectra above 300 nm (i.e. overlap with the solar spectrum), and (b) indirect photolysis, reactions with photochemically produced singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical or excited state dissolved organic matter, will play a major role in attenuating natural water concentrations of these pharmaceuticals.This project will expand the body of knowledge available to engineers and scientists involved in the issue of pharmaceuticals in water. The project will support a junior research associate, a graduate student and potentially undergraduate students through a REU Supplement. The research will involve two California State University campuses, Long Beach and Los Angeles, minority serving institutions, to develop a ?pipeline? of highly qualified undergraduate and graduate (M.S.) students to UCI. UCI undergraduate students will also work in the summer funded by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program at UCI. The work will also involve a high school teacher through a Research Experience for Teachers (RET) Supplement. High school students being mentored at UCI will be involved in this project over the summer months and through the school year if schedules permit. A 20-30 minute HD documentary on ?Pharmaceuticals in Water? will be produced. This can then be used in public lectures, high schools and public venues such as Rotary International meetings, and will be available on the Urban Water Research Center?s web site. A shorter version will also be produced to be used for educational opportunities, such as the Wyland Foundation?s Mobile Learning Center. This learning center travels around the US and recently went into Mexico, as well. Web content to support Water Innovation Now, a contest for K-12 graders, empowered to make a difference, will be produced as part of this project.