SCIART: Collaborative Research into Archaeological Ceramics - High-Resolution Studies of Attic Black & Red Ceramic Slips

非技术描述：阁楼陶器-公元前6世纪至4世纪在古希腊生产的标志性的红黑相间的陶器-代表着古代陶瓷工艺的顶峰，被认为是最早的精密陶瓷技术之一。然而，古代工匠是如何制作这些非凡的器皿的，人们仍然没有完全了解。盖蒂保护研究所、斯坦福大学/SLAC国家加速器设施和航空航天公司之间的一个新的合作项目将使用最先进的高分辨率分析技术以前所未有的详细程度研究这些古代陶瓷的化学和物理组成。预计这些结果将大大促进人们对制作阁楼陶器所用材料和方法的了解，并为古代作坊实践提供新的见解，从而影响到材料科学、化学、考古学、艺术史和艺术保护等多个领域。作为这项资助的一部分，博士后研究员将获得文化遗产、学术和工业实验室的独特综合经验，从而帮助培训下一代科学家在科学与艺术之间进行研究。此外，还将开发综合推广计划，教育和告知各级学生--以及普通公众--科学如何有助于我们理解西方人类历史上最重要的古代文明之一。技术细节：古代工匠制作红色和黑色人物陶器所使用的材料和方法正在由一个由文化遗产、工业和学术研究科学家、艺术保护人员和艺术历史学家组成的多学科团队进行研究。他们使用激光烧蚀电感耦合质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)、X射线吸收光谱(XAS，包括X射线近边吸收结构(XANES)和X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS))、X射线衍射(X射线衍射)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能量色散X射线光谱(EDXS)等高分辨率技术来测量由陶瓷片组成的铁矿物的成分、形貌和化学状态分布。将数据与风格分析相关联，该团队正在评估古代工匠是否使用了故意设计的粘土成分和/或复杂的窑炉烧制制度。作为这项工作的一部分，他们正在提炼一种用于陶瓷材料研究的亚100纳米XANES显微技术，提供一种将化学特定信息与显微成像相结合的方法。一旦成熟，这项技术将提供给斯坦福大学同步辐射光源的所有用户，从而加强对各种非均质材料的研究。

NON-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Attic pottery - the iconic red- and black-figure pottery produced in ancient Greece from the 6th to 4th centuries B.C. - represents the pinnacle of ancient ceramic craftsmanship and is considered one of the first precision ceramic technologies. However, the means by which ancient craftsmen produced these remarkable vessels is still not completely understood. A new collaborative project between the Getty Conservation Institute, Stanford University/SLAC National Accelerator Facility and The Aerospace Corporation will study the chemical and physical makeup of these ancient ceramics at an unprecedented level of detail using state-of-the art high-resolution analytical technologies. The results are expected to significantly advance the knowledge of the materials and methods used to create Attic pottery and to provide new insights into ancient workshop practices, thereby impacting a diverse range of fields including materials science, chemistry, archaeology, art history and art conservation. A post-doctoral researcher supported as part of this grant will receive a uniquely integrated experience in cultural heritage, academic, and industrial laboratories, thus helping train the next generation of scientists to conduct research at the interface between science and art. In addition, integrated outreach programs will be developed to educate and inform students at all levels - and the general public - regarding how science can contribute to our understanding of one of the most important ancient civilizations in Western human history.TECHNICAL DETAILS: The materials and methods used by ancient craftsmen to create the red- and black-figure vessels known as Attic pottery are being studied by a multidisciplinary team consisting of cultural heritage, industrial, and academic research scientists, art conservators and art historians. They are measuring the composition, morphology and chemical state distribution of iron minerals comprising the ceramic slips using the high-resolution techniques of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS, inclusive of x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Correlating the data with stylistic analyses, the team are evaluating whether ancient artisans employed deliberately engineered clay compositions and/or complex kiln firing regimens. As part of this effort, they are refining a sub-100 nm XANES microscopy technique for the study of ceramic materials, providing a means of coupling chemically-specific information with micro-imaging. Once mature, this technology will be available to all users of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, thus enhancing the studies of a wide variety of heterogeneous materials.