Collaborative Research/RUI: Factors that Affect the Likelihood of Prejudice Confrontation

这一研究项目将有助于理解人们在对抗偏见时所面临的障碍，从而促进人们在减少偏见和耻辱方面的理解。偏见仍然是受污名化群体成员的一种重要和频繁的经历；这种偏见对身心健康造成重要后果。先前关于减少偏见的研究表明，减少偏见的一个有效方法是在它发生时面对它。偏见对抗不仅减少了随后的偏见表达，而且还赋予了偏见的受害者权力。尽管偏见对抗带来了这些积极的后果，但人们往往不愿面对他们目睹的偏见。了解预测人们是否会面对偏见的因素将有助于我们理解一种重要的社会心理现象。该项目还包括开发一个培训计划，教人们如何克服对抗的障碍。这项研究建立在先前关于偏见对抗的知识基础上。第一组研究通过测量作为偏见类型、目标在场和目击者反应的函数的伤害和不公正的感知，调查参与者对采取行动反对偏见的紧迫性的判断。第二组研究测量了参与者对对抗偏见的责任感，这是证人数量、目标在场和角色责任的函数。第三组也是最后一组研究考察了参与者是否会因为对抗知觉、自我效能感和结果预期而面对偏见。重要的是，这项研究可以提供一个基础，在此基础上建立培训计划，使那些目睹偏见的人能够表达他们的反对意见，最终这些发现可能会概括并有助于减少其他不文明行为的发生(例如，欺凌、取笑)。

This research project will advance understanding in the area of prejudice and stigma reduction by contributing to understanding the obstacles people face in prejudice confrontation. Prejudice remains a significant and frequent experience for members of stigmatized groups; one with important consequences for physical and psychological well-being. Previous research on prejudice reduction demonstrates that one effective way to decrease prejudice is to confront it when it occurs. Not only does prejudice confrontation reduce subsequent expressions of prejudice, but it also empowers victims of prejudice. Despite these positive consequences of prejudice confrontation, people often refrain from confronting the prejudice they witness. Understanding the factors that predict whether people will confront prejudice would benefit our understanding of an important social psychological phenomenon. The project also includes development of a training program to teach people how to overcome the obstacles to confrontation. This research builds on previous knowledge about prejudice confrontation. The first set of studies investigates participants' judgments about the urgency of taking action against prejudice by measuring perceptions of harm and injustice as a function of the type of prejudice, target presence, and witness reactions. The second set of studies measures participants' perceptions of responsibility for confronting prejudice as a function of the number of witnesses, target presence, and role accountability. The third and final set of studies examines whether participants confront prejudice as a function of perceptions of confrontation self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. Importantly, this research can provide a base from which to build training programs to empower those who witness prejudice to voice their disapproval, and ultimately these findings may generalize and be useful in attenuating the occurrence of other incivilities (e.g., bullying, teasing).