POWRE: Social Power and Implicit Cognition

POWRE：社会权力与内隐认知

• 批准号: 9973493
• 负责人: Stephanie Goodwin
• 金额: $ 9.63万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-09-01 至 2001-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9973493&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: POWRE; Social; Power; Implicit; Cognition

People who occupy social roles in which they control what happens to others are relatively powerful, whereas people occupying social roles in which what happens to them is contingent on others' control are relatively powerless. Thus, power roles are often defined by the nature of the control of outcomes and contingencies that are ascribed to different partners in a social relationship. Notably, members of certain social groups (e.g., women, ethnic minorities) remain underrepresented in the higher echelons of social power. This inequality in the distribution of power among various social groups persists despite both increasingly egalitarian attitudes toward these groups and increasing numbers of qualified women and ethnic minorities in the workforce. Given recent evidence that powerful individuals are motivated (perhaps unconsciously) to maintain stereotypes when forming impressions of subordinates, it is possible that automatic stereotyping may account, in part, for these biased outcomes. Regardless of explicit egalitarianism, powerholders may neither be aware of nor be able to control the influence of automatic stereotyping on their perceptions of subordinates. Consequently, those holding power may inadvertently be creating the "glass ceilings" that maintain the status quo in power relations between social groups. This research will employ newly- developed experimental methodologies to examine the possible link between power and stereotype automaticity. Participants will engage in experimental procedures that preclude their intentional use of stereotyping or control over it. The experiments have three specific aims: (1) to test whether situational power automatically activates group stereotypes about subordinates; (2) to test whether individual preferences for power roles moderate these effects; and (3) to determine how stereotype activation influences powerholders' attitudes toward subordinates. The hypothesis underlying the experiments is that power will increase stereotype activation and promote preferences for subordinates who fit group stereotypes. This POWRE award will support the investigator in an 18-month Visiting Researcher position at Yale University. During this time, she will engage in a variety of research and professional development activities. In addition to devising a new line of research, she will receive training in computer technologies essential to implicit cognition methodologies and will prepare a theoretical paper integrating the literatures on social power and impression formation with literature on implicit cognition. These activities will serve to strengthen her current research program and methodological skills while increasing her visibility among scholars within the field.

那些占据社会角色的人，他们控制着发生在别人身上的事情，他们是相对强大的，而那些占据社会角色的人，他们发生的事情取决于别人的控制，他们相对无能为力。 因此，权力角色通常由社会关系中不同伙伴对结果和突发事件的控制性质来界定。 值得注意的是，某些社会群体的成员（例如，妇女、少数民族）在社会权力的较高阶层中的代表性仍然不足。 尽管对这些群体的平等主义态度日益增强，劳动力中合格妇女和少数民族的人数也在增加，但不同社会群体之间权力分配的不平等仍然存在。鉴于最近的证据表明，有权势的人在形成对下属的印象时会有动机（也许是无意识地）保持刻板印象，因此，自动刻板印象可能部分地解释了这些有偏见的结果。 不管明确的平等主义，掌权者可能既没有意识到也无法控制自动刻板印象对他们对下属的看法的影响。 因此，掌权者可能无意中制造了维持社会群体之间权力关系现状的“玻璃天花板”。 本研究将采用新发展的实验方法来检验权力与刻板印象自动性之间的可能联系。 受试者将参与实验程序，排除他们有意使用的刻板印象或控制它。实验有三个具体的目的：（1）测试是否情境权力自动激活群体刻板印象的下属;（2）测试是否个人偏好的权力角色调节这些效果;（3）确定刻板印象激活如何影响权力拥有者对下属的态度。 实验的假设是，权力会增加刻板印象的激活，并促进对符合群体刻板印象的下属的偏好。 这个POWRE奖将支持研究人员在耶鲁大学18个月的访问研究员职位。 在此期间，她将从事各种研究和专业发展活动。 除了设计一个新的研究路线，她将接受培训，在计算机技术必不可少的内隐认知方法，并将准备一份理论论文整合文献的社会权力和印象形成与文献的内隐认知。 这些活动将有助于加强她目前的研究计划和方法技能，同时提高她在该领域学者中的知名度。