Trading, institutions, product innovation and entrepreneurship

贸易、机构、产品创新和创业

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1124426
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    $ 68.49万
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    美国
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
  • 财政年份:
    2011
  • 资助国家:
    美国
  • 起止时间:
    2011-08-01 至 2017-07-31
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

In the aftermath of the Opium Wars, China was forced to accept a new and significant Western presence. Previously closed ports of trade were pushed open, tariffs were reduced, and former Chinese trade institutions of customs collection were abolished and re-organized under British and Western management practices. In addition, extraterritoriality was legitimized in the Sino-American Treaty of Tientsin of 1858. Foreigners had the right to own property, trade and carry on manufacturing according to the laws of their own state rather than Chinese law. The Most Favored Nation clause, present in many of China's treaties, automatically granted to all Treaty Powers the rights which China was compelled to allow to any one nation, expanding the influence of the Treaty Powers as a block. To enforce these rights, Western nations soon established courts in China in order to adjudicate disputes related to civil, criminal, and property law. Thus, the British had the British Supreme Court for China, the U.S. set up the U.S. Court for China, and consular courts from each of the other Treaty Powers were also established.This project examines this controversial period of history from 1842-1948 when Britain and other Treaty Powers had a hand in determining economic policy both inside the borders of China and in the international trading arena. The investigators focus on two of the most significant types of institutional change that were imposed by foreign powers on China in the 19th century: the dismantling of trade barriers and commercial property law. The Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMC), although Chinese in name, was mainly built up under British direction, and operated continuously between 1859 and 1948 to assess tariffs and record the quantity and value of shipped goods of both foreign and domestic origin. In 1928, the CMC effectively became the international custodian of China's single largest source of government revenue. Even though much of this revenue was used to pay indemnities, the CMC was instrumental in establishing the international credibility of public finance in China.To test the hypothesis that the opening of trade had significant effects on world prices, the researchers exploit a partially completed database on China from the CMC in order to assess the impact of trade on domestic welfare in China. A significant part of the project is to draw on the amazingly rich quantitative information that has so far been largely neglected in order to evaluate the legacy of this era. They estimate that the project, once completed, will record 7.5 million observations on trade flows. This level of detail is highly unusual, and comparable port-level information is in fact not collected in any contemporary country. In this project, the investigators thus extend the set of new empirical approaches found to be feasible with historical data, and they expect this data will have many other research applications in economic history and international trade.In addition, since gains in living standards are the most important consequence that trade ultimately provides to society, this project emphasizes the relationship between welfare and trade opening. The authors analyze the additional welfare gains arising from new goods variety, an important consequence of the opening of trade that has been generally overlooked in past analyses, but more importantly, they show that a direct calculation of the factors determining the size of variety gains from trade is feasible using historical Chinese data. This is the first time an estimate of this sort has been presented for a historical period.Finally, the gains in welfare can also come about because more trade and investment takes place due to improved security of property in the treaty port. Scattered anecdotal reports suggest the presence of foreign institutions mattered, and may even have had positive spillover effects. Capital market improvements could have broad implications for attracting foreign firms to China, which in turn can lead to additional capital accumulation and income gains. In this project, the researchers also investigate the possibility that institutional changes by the British and other treaty powers' take-over of treaty port organization had an economy-wide impact.This research examines the extent to which China's role in Asia and the world today is shaped by the organizational, entrepreneurial, and social skills of its population on the one hand, and by foreign intervention on the other hand. The work highlights the possibility that the impact of foreign imperialism in the 19th century goes beyond simple measures of China's foreign trade-per-capita in the 19th century or overall economic growth rates. The results from the project aim to provide important reference points in understanding the trade history of China, and to give a more definite empirical link between performance in the past and the present.More broadly, it will allow one to see if there are more general lessons on foreign-induced reform that can be learned from China. As the world moves forward into the 21st century, the answer to these questions could suggest new ways in which the social and economic history of nations are intertwined.
鸦片战争后,中国被迫接受西方新的重要存在。以前关闭的贸易口岸被推开,关税降低,原来的中国贸易海关征收机构在英国和西方的管理实践下被废除和重组。此外,治外法权在1858年的《中美天津条约》中得到合法化。外国人有权根据自己国家的法律而不是中国的法律拥有财产、贸易和进行制造。中国签订的许多条约中都有最惠国待遇条款,自动授予所有条约国中国被迫给予任何一个国家的权利,扩大了条约国作为一个整体的影响力。为了执行这些权利,西方国家很快在中国设立了法院,以裁决与民法、刑法和物权法有关的纠纷。因此,英国为中国设立了英国最高法院,美国为中国设立了美国法院,其他条约大国也设立了领事法院。本项目研究了1842年至1948年这段有争议的历史时期,当时英国和其他条约大国参与决定了中国境内和国际贸易领域的经济政策。调查人员重点关注 19 世纪外国列强强加于中国的两种最重要的制度变革:贸易壁垒的废除和商业产权法。中国海关总署(CMC)虽然名称是中文,但主要是在英国的指导下建立的,并在 1859 年至 1948 年间持续运作,负责评估关税并记录外国和国内原产货物的数量和价值。 1928年,中央军委实际上成为中国最大的政府收入来源的国际托管机构。尽管这些收入的大部分用于支付赔款,但中央军委在建立中国公共财政的国际信誉方面发挥了重要作用。为了检验贸易开放对世界价格产生重大影响的假设,研究人员利用中央军委部分完成的中国数据库来评估贸易对中国国内福利的影响。该项目的一个重要部分是利用迄今为止在很大程度上被忽视的极其丰富的定量信息,以评估这个时代的遗产。他们估计,该项目一旦完成,将记录 750 万个贸易流观测数据。这种详细程度非常不寻常,事实上,任何当代国家都没有收集过类似的港口级别信息。在这个项目中,研究人员因此扩展了一套新的历史数据可行的实证方法,他们预计这些数据将在经济史和国际贸易方面有许多其他研究应用。此外,由于生活水平的提高是贸易最终为社会提供的最重要的结果,因此该项目强调福利与贸易开放之间的关系。作者分析了新商品品种带来的额外福利收益,这是贸易开放的一个重要后果,但在过去的分析中通常被忽视,但更重要的是,他们表明,利用中国历史数据直接计算决定贸易品种收益规模的因素是可行的。这是历史上首次提出此类估计。最后,由于通商口岸的财产安全得到改善,贸易和投资也随之增加,从而带来了福利收益。零散的轶事报道表明,外国机构的存在很重要,甚至可能产生积极的溢出效应。资本市场的改善可能对吸引外国企业来到中国产生广泛影响,进而带来额外的资本积累和收入增长。在这个项目中,研究人员还调查了英国和其他条约大国接管通商口岸组织所带来的制度变革对整个经济产生影响的可能性。这项研究考察了中国在亚洲和当今世界的角色在多大程度上一方面受到其民众的组织、创业和社会技能的影响,另一方面受到外国干预的影响。该著作强调了一种可能性,即19世纪外国帝国主义的影响超出了19世纪中国人均对外贸易或总体经济增长率的简单衡量标准。该项目的结果旨在为理解中国的贸易史提供重要的参考点,并在过去和现在的表现之间提供更明确的实证联系。更广泛地说,它将让人们看看是否有可以从中国学习的外国引发的改革的更普遍的经验教训。随着世界进入 21 世纪,这些问题的答案可能会提出各国社会和经济历史相互交织的新方式。

项目成果

期刊论文数量(0)
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Wolfgang Keller其他文献

On a scalar fixed altimetry—gravimetry boundary value problem
  • DOI:
    10.1007/bf00863618
  • 发表时间:
    1996-05-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    4.000
  • 作者:
    Wolfgang Keller
  • 通讯作者:
    Wolfgang Keller
Retail Globalization, Households' Diet and the Effectiveness of Sin-Food Taxes
零售全球化、家庭饮食和罪恶食品税的有效性
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2020
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Emilio Gutierrez;Beata Javorcik;Wolfgang Keller;Ricardo Miranda;Kensuke Teshima;James Tybout
  • 通讯作者:
    James Tybout
Singularity free formulations of the geodetic boundary value problem in gravity-space
  • DOI:
    10.1007/s00190-008-0278-x
  • 发表时间:
    2008-10-19
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    4.000
  • 作者:
    Gerrit Austen;Wolfgang Keller
  • 通讯作者:
    Wolfgang Keller
Object/Relational Access Layers
对象/关系访问层
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    1998
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
    Wolfgang Keller
  • 通讯作者:
    Wolfgang Keller
International trade and job polarization: Evidence at the worker level
  • DOI:
    10.1016/j.jinteco.2023.103810
  • 发表时间:
    2023-11-01
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
  • 作者:
    Wolfgang Keller;Hale Utar
  • 通讯作者:
    Hale Utar

Wolfgang Keller的其他文献

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{{ truncateString('Wolfgang Keller', 18)}}的其他基金

Collaborative Research: The Private and Social Returns to R&D in the Age of Offshoring
合作研究:R 的私人和社会回报
  • 批准号:
    1360207
  • 财政年份:
    2014
  • 资助金额:
    $ 68.49万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant
What Explains Modern Economic Growth? New Evidence from a Comparison of China and Europe in the 18th Century
现代经济增长的解释是什么?
  • 批准号:
    0453040
  • 财政年份:
    2005
  • 资助金额:
    $ 68.49万
  • 项目类别:
    Continuing Grant
How Does Economic Integration Affect Technology Diffusion and the Spatial Distribution of Productivity Growth?
经济一体化如何影响技术扩散和生产力增长的空间分布?
  • 批准号:
    9818902
  • 财政年份:
    1999
  • 资助金额:
    $ 68.49万
  • 项目类别:
    Standard Grant

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  • 批准号:
    2400690
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    2024
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Collaborative Research: RD/RA Support Networks at Diversified Research Institutions (SUNDRI)
合作研究:多元化研究机构的 RD/RA 支持网络 (SUNDRI)
  • 批准号:
    2334229
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    2024
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Collaborative Research: State Health, Institutions, and Politics Survey (SHIPS)
合作研究:国家卫生、机构和政治调查 (SHIPS)
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    2422182
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    2024
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    $ 68.49万
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Shaping Competition in the Digital Age (SCiDA) - Principles, tools and institutions of digital regulation in the UK, Germany and the EU
塑造数字时代的竞争 (SCiDA) - 英国、德国和欧盟的数字监管原则、工具和机构
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  • 财政年份:
    2024
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CC* Regional Networking: Connecting Colorado's Western Slope Small Institutions of Higher Education to the Front Range GigaPoP Regional R&E Infrastructure
CC* 区域网络:将科罗拉多州西坡小型高等教育机构与前沿 GigaPoP 区域 R 连接起来
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    2346635
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    2024
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    $ 68.49万
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Collaborative Research: U.S. institutions after COVID-19: Trust, accountability, and public perceptions
合作研究:COVID-19 后的美国机构:信任、责任和公众看法
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Travel Grant: Enabling Faculty at Under-Resourced Primarily Undergraduate Institutions to Attend the 2024 Fall American Geophysical Union (AGU) Annual Meeting
旅费补助:使资源匮乏的本科院校教师能够参加 2024 年秋季美国地球物理联盟 (AGU) 年会
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Conference: Research Computing at Smaller Institutions (RCSI)
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Changing Institutions to Mitigate Gender Leadership Gaps: Power of Defaults
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