Unrestricted Individual Heterogeneity in Three Econometric Models

人们是不同的，这些差异可以也应该对经济政策产生影响。例如，提高汽油税会对不同个人的经济福利产生不同的影响。这项拟议的研究是关于在估计经济影响时考虑到个体差异。以前的研究以相当有限的方式考虑了这种差异。这里概述的研究将考虑到个体之间的普遍差异。这项拟议的研究将考虑三个主题。第一个主题是如何让人们在估计物价上涨的平均福利效应时有所不同。这项研究将应用于美国的汽油需求。在那里，各种价格上涨的平均影响将从最近的数据中估计出来。这些结果将有助于评估汽油税潜在增加的福利效应。第二个主题是考虑到在估计税收对应税收入的影响时存在个体差异。调查人员将开发评估税收结构对平均劳动收入影响的方法。这项研究适用于美国和瑞典的数据。我们将评估美国和瑞典改变劳动收入税的影响。其他人试图估计这些影响，但只以限制性的方式考虑了个体差异。这项研究将首次考虑到人与人之间的普遍差异。这项工作有助于预测税收结构的变化将如何影响平均应税收入。这些结果可能有助于理解改变税收以减少赤字可能会如何影响经济中的收入水平。第三个主题是如何使用重复的个人数据来估计经济政策的影响，同时让人们在总体上有所不同。这项研究开发的方法和方法应该对统计学和经济学中的面板数据方法产生广泛的影响。这些方法在许多情况下被用来估计重要的经济影响。在以前的研究中，它们被用来估计工会对工资分配的影响以及儿童对妇女劳动参与的影响。这些方法和模型也可以在经济学的许多其他重要应用中使用。

People are different and those differences can and should have an impact on economic policy. For example, raising taxes on gasoline would affect the economic welfare of different individuals differently. This proposed research is about allowing for individual differences in estimating economic effects. Previous research has allowed for such differences in quite limited ways. The research outlined here will allow for very general differences across individuals.Three topics will be considered in the proposed research. The first topic is how to allow for people to be different when estimating the average welfare effect of price increases. This research will be applied to gasoline demand in the US. There the average effect of various price increases will be estimated from recent data. The results will be useful for evaluating the welfare effects of potential increases in gasoline taxes.The second topic is allowing for individual differences in estimating the effect of taxes on taxable income. The investigators will develop methods for estimating the effect of the tax structure on the average of labor income. This research is applied to US and Swedish data. The effect of changing the taxes on labor income in the US and Sweden will be estimated. Others have tried to estimate these effects but have only allowed for individual differences in restrictive ways. This research will be the first to allow for general differences in people. This work is useful for predicting how changes in the tax structure would affect average taxable income. These results could help understand how changing taxes to reduce the deficit could affect the income level in the economy.The third topic is about how to use repeated data on individuals to estimate economic policy effects, while allowing people to be different in a general way. The approach and methods developed in this research should a broad impact on panel data methods in statistics and economics. These methods are used to estimate important economic effects in many settings. In previous research they have been used to estimate the effect of unions on the distribution of wages and the effect of children on labor participation of women. There are also many other important applications of economics where these methods and models can be used.